Python如何重疊圖片？

圖片疊加再一起成這種形式（batch，28，28，1）

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可以使用numpy庫的concatenate函數(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)

import numpy as np

a = np.array([[0,1]])

print(a.shape)

b = np.array([[0,1]])

print(b.shape)

print (np.concatenate((a,b),axis = 0).shape)

輸出如下：

python分析奧巴馬資金來源

奧巴馬的競(jìng)選資金是一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)從選民那里募集來的。如獲黨內(nèi)提名,可得政府拔款，但也沒多少。美國(guó)大選不僅禁外國(guó)人捐款,而且禁止公司機(jī)構(gòu)捐款,而只允許個(gè)人捐款。不僅如此,還為個(gè)人捐款限制了上限,防止富人捐過多的款而影響未來的公平執(zhí)政。

不僅富人自己不能多捐，如果某個(gè)老板呼吁自己的員工給某人捐錢或投票支持他，都是犯法的。因此，想要籌到幾千萬競(jìng)爭(zhēng)資金，唯一的辦法是爭(zhēng)取更多選民支持，一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)募集。所以,中國(guó)、公司、大筆捐款，這三條都是犯法的。

我記得以前已經(jīng)有華人鬧過這種丑聞了。美國(guó)的選舉法就是要嚴(yán)防少數(shù)人企圖用幾個(gè)臭錢影響美國(guó)的政治。所以我們作為外國(guó)人就更別去自討沒趣了。

導(dǎo)入包

In [1]:

import numpy as npimport pandas as pdfrom pandas import Series,DataFrame

方便大家操作，將月份和參選人以及所在政黨進(jìn)行定義

In [2]:

months = {'JAN' : 1, 'FEB' : 2, 'MAR' : 3, 'APR' : 4, 'MAY' : 5, 'JUN' : 6, 'JUL' : 7, 'AUG' : 8, 'SEP' : 9, 'OCT': 10, 'NOV': 11, 'DEC' : 12}of_interest = ['Obama, Barack', 'Romney, Mitt', 'Santorum, Rick', 'Paul, Ron', 'Gingrich, Newt']parties = { 'Bachmann, Michelle': 'Republican', 'Romney, Mitt': 'Republican', 'Obama, Barack': 'Democrat', "Roemer, Charles E. 'Buddy' III": 'Reform', 'Pawlenty, Timothy': 'Republican', 'Johnson, Gary Earl': 'Libertarian', 'Paul, Ron': 'Republican', 'Santorum, Rick': 'Republican', 'Cain, Herman': 'Republican', 'Gingrich, Newt': 'Republican', 'McCotter, Thaddeus G': 'Republican', 'Huntsman, Jon': 'Republican', 'Perry, Rick': 'Republican' }

讀取文件

In [3]:

table = pd.read_csv('data/usa_election.txt')table.head()

C:\jupyter\lib\site-packages\IPython\core\interactiveshell.py:2785: DtypeWarning: Columns (6) have mixed types. Specify dtype option on import or set low_memory=False. interactivity=interactivity, compiler=compiler, result=result)

Out[3]:

cmte_id cand_id cand_nm contbr_nm contbr_city contbr_st contbr_zip contbr_employer contbr_occupation contb_receipt_amt contb_receipt_dt receipt_desc memo_cd memo_text form_tp file_num

0 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle HARVEY, WILLIAM MOBILE AL 3.6601e 08 RETIRED RETIRED 250.0 20-JUN-11 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 736166

1 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle HARVEY, WILLIAM MOBILE AL 3.6601e 08 RETIRED RETIRED 50.0 23-JUN-11 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 736166

2 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle SMITH, LANIER LANETT AL 3.68633e 08 INFORMATION REQUESTED INFORMATION REQUESTED 250.0 05-JUL-11 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 749073

3 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle BLEVINS, DARONDA PIGGOTT AR 7.24548e 08 NONE RETIRED 250.0 01-AUG-11 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 749073

4 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle WARDENBURG, HAROLD HOT SPRINGS NATION AR 7.19016e 08 NONE RETIRED 300.0 20-JUN-11 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 736166

In [8]:

#使用map函數(shù) 字典，新建一列各個(gè)候選人所在黨派partytable['party'] = table['cand_nm'].map(parties)table.head()

Out[8]:

cmte_id cand_id cand_nm contbr_nm contbr_city contbr_st contbr_zip contbr_employer contbr_occupation contb_receipt_amt contb_receipt_dt receipt_desc memo_cd memo_text form_tp file_num party

0 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle HARVEY, WILLIAM MOBILE AL 3.6601e 08 RETIRED RETIRED 250.0 20-JUN-11 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 736166 Republican

1 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle HARVEY, WILLIAM MOBILE AL 3.6601e 08 RETIRED RETIRED 50.0 23-JUN-11 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 736166 Republican

2 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle SMITH, LANIER LANETT AL 3.68633e 08 INFORMATION REQUESTED INFORMATION REQUESTED 250.0 05-JUL-11 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 749073 Republican

3 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle BLEVINS, DARONDA PIGGOTT AR 7.24548e 08 NONE RETIRED 250.0 01-AUG-11 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 749073 Republican

4 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle WARDENBURG, HAROLD HOT SPRINGS NATION AR 7.19016e 08 NONE RETIRED 300.0 20-JUN-11 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 736166 Republican

In [10]:

#party這一列中有哪些元素table['party'].unique()

Out[10]:

array(['Republican', 'Democrat', 'Reform', 'Libertarian'], dtype=object)

In [ ]:

#使用value_counts()函數(shù)，統(tǒng)計(jì)party列中各個(gè)元素出現(xiàn)次數(shù)，value_counts()是Series中的，無參，返回一個(gè)帶有每個(gè)元素出現(xiàn)次數(shù)的Series

In [11]:

table['party'].value_counts()

Out[11]:

Democrat 292400Republican 237575Reform 5364Libertarian 702Name: party, dtype: int64

In [12]:

#使用groupby()函數(shù)，查看各個(gè)黨派收到的政治獻(xiàn)金總數(shù)contb_receipt_amttable.groupby(by='party')['contb_receipt_amt'].sum()

Out[12]:

partyDemocrat 8.105758e 07Libertarian 4.132769e 05Reform 3.390338e 05Republican 1.192255e 08Name: contb_receipt_amt, dtype: float64

In [13]:

#查看具體每天各個(gè)黨派收到的政治獻(xiàn)金總數(shù)contb_receipt_amt 。使用groupby([多個(gè)分組參數(shù)])table.groupby(by=['party','contb_receipt_dt'])['contb_receipt_amt'].sum()

Out[13]:

party contb_receipt_dtDemocrat 01-AUG-11 175281.00 01-DEC-11 651532.82 01-JAN-12 58098.80 01-JUL-11 165961.00 01-JUN-11 145459.00 01-MAY-11 82644.00 01-NOV-11 122529.87 01-OCT-11 148977.00 01-SEP-11 403297.62 02-AUG-11 164510.11 02-DEC-11 216056.96 02-JAN-12 89743.60 02-JUL-11 17105.00 02-JUN-11 422453.00 02-MAY-11 396675.00 02-NOV-11 147183.81 02-OCT-11 62605.62 02-SEP-11 137948.41 03-AUG-11 147053.02 03-DEC-11 81304.02 03-JAN-12 87406.97 03-JUL-11 5982.00 03-JUN-11 320176.20 03-MAY-11 261819.11 03-NOV-11 119304.56 03-OCT-11 363061.02 03-SEP-11 45598.00 04-APR-11 640235.12 04-AUG-11 598784.23 04-DEC-11 72795.10 ... Republican 29-AUG-11 941769.23 29-DEC-11 428501.42 29-JAN-11 750.00 29-JAN-12 75220.02 29-JUL-11 233423.35 29-JUN-11 1340704.29 29-MAR-11 38875.00 29-MAY-11 8363.20 29-NOV-11 407322.64 29-OCT-11 81924.01 29-SEP-11 1612794.52 30-APR-11 43004.80 30-AUG-11 915548.58 30-DEC-11 492470.45 30-JAN-12 255204.80 30-JUL-11 12249.04 30-JUN-11 2744932.63 30-MAR-11 50240.00 30-MAY-11 17803.60 30-NOV-11 809014.83 30-OCT-11 43913.16 30-SEP-11 4886331.76 31-AUG-11 1017735.02 31-DEC-11 1094376.72 31-JAN-11 6000.00 31-JAN-12 869890.41 31-JUL-11 12781.02 31-MAR-11 62475.00 31-MAY-11 301339.80 31-OCT-11 734601.83Name: contb_receipt_amt, Length: 1183, dtype: float64

In [14]:

def trasform_date(d): day,month,year = d.split('-') month = months[month] return "20" year '-' str(month) '-' day

In [17]:

#將表中日期格式轉(zhuǎn)換為'yyyy-mm-dd'。日期格式,通過函數(shù)加map方式進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換table['contb_receipt_dt'] = table['contb_receipt_dt'].apply(trasform_date)

In [18]:

table.head()

Out[18]:

cmte_id cand_id cand_nm contbr_nm contbr_city contbr_st contbr_zip contbr_employer contbr_occupation contb_receipt_amt contb_receipt_dt receipt_desc memo_cd memo_text form_tp file_num party

0 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle HARVEY, WILLIAM MOBILE AL 3.6601e 08 RETIRED RETIRED 250.0 2011-6-20 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 736166 Republican

1 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle HARVEY, WILLIAM MOBILE AL 3.6601e 08 RETIRED RETIRED 50.0 2011-6-23 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 736166 Republican

2 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle SMITH, LANIER LANETT AL 3.68633e 08 INFORMATION REQUESTED INFORMATION REQUESTED 250.0 2011-7-05 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 749073 Republican

3 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle BLEVINS, DARONDA PIGGOTT AR 7.24548e 08 NONE RETIRED 250.0 2011-8-01 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 749073 Republican

4 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle WARDENBURG, HAROLD HOT SPRINGS NATION AR 7.19016e 08 NONE RETIRED 300.0 2011-6-20 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 736166 Republican

In [19]:

#查看老兵(捐獻(xiàn)者職業(yè))DISABLED VETERAN主要支持誰 ：查看老兵們捐贈(zèng)給誰的錢最多table['contbr_occupation'] == 'DISABLED VETERAN'

Out[19]:

0 False1 False2 False3 False4 False5 False6 False7 False8 False9 False10 False11 False12 False13 False14 False15 False16 False17 False18 False19 False20 False21 False22 False23 False24 False25 False26 False27 False28 False29 False ... 536011 False536012 False536013 False536014 False536015 False536016 False536017 False536018 False536019 False536020 False536021 False536022 False536023 False536024 False536025 False536026 False536027 False536028 False536029 False536030 False536031 False536032 False536033 False536034 False536035 False536036 False536037 False536038 False536039 False536040 FalseName: contbr_occupation, Length: 536041, dtype: bool

In [21]:

old_bing_df = table.loc[table['contbr_occupation'] == 'DISABLED VETERAN']

In [22]:

old_bing_df.groupby(by='cand_nm')['contb_receipt_amt'].sum()

Out[22]:

cand_nmCain, Herman 300.00Obama, Barack 4205.00Paul, Ron 2425.49Santorum, Rick 250.00Name: contb_receipt_amt, dtype: float64

In [23]:

table['contb_receipt_amt'].max()

Out[23]:

1944042.43

In [24]:

#找出候選人的捐贈(zèng)者中，捐贈(zèng)金額最大的人的職業(yè)以及捐獻(xiàn)額 .通過query("查詢條件來查找捐獻(xiàn)人職業(yè)")table.query('contb_receipt_amt == 1944042.43')

Out[24]:

cmte_id cand_id cand_nm contbr_nm contbr_city contbr_st contbr_zip contbr_employer contbr_occupation contb_receipt_amt contb_receipt_dt receipt_desc memo_cd memo_text form_tp file_num party

176127 C00431445 P80003338 Obama, Barack OBAMA VICTORY FUND 2012 - UNITEMIZED CHICAGO IL 60680 NaN NaN 1944042.43 2011-12-31 NaN X * SA18 763233 Democrat

來源：

python函數(shù)圖的繪制

pre

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from matplotlib.patches import Polygon

def func(x):

return -(x-2)*(x-8)+40

x=np.linspace(0,10)

y=func(x)

fig,ax = plt.subplots()

plt.plot(x,y,'r',linewidth=2)

plt.ylim(ymin=20)

a=2

b=9

ax.set_xticks([a,b])

ax.set_xticklabels(['$a$','$b$'])

ax.set_yticks([])

plt.figtext(0.9,0.05,'$x$')

plt.figtext(0.1,0.9,'$y$')

ix=np.linspace(a,b)

iy=func(ix)

ixy=zip(ix,iy)

verts=[(a,0)]+list(ixy)+[(b,0)]

poly = Polygon(verts,facecolor='0.9',edgecolor='0.5')

ax.add_patch(poly)

x_math=(a+b)*0.5

y_math=35

plt.text(x_math,y_math,r"$\int_a^b(-(x-2)*(x-8)+40)dx$",horizontalalignment='center',size=12)

plt.show()

/pre

python 中 inspect模塊的stack函數(shù)

有階乘函數(shù):

12improt numpyprint numpy.math.factorial(3)

python 自帶的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫也有階乘函數(shù)

12import mathprint math.factorial(3)

輸出是6