1,首先通過任務(wù)管理器進(jìn)行進(jìn)程排序,查找占用內(nèi)存較大的程序進(jìn)程。一般占用內(nèi)存較大的進(jìn)程有W3WP、sqlserver、mysqld-nt.exe;
在西城等地區(qū),都構(gòu)建了全面的區(qū)域性戰(zhàn)略布局,加強(qiáng)發(fā)展的系統(tǒng)性、市場前瞻性、產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新能力,以專注、極致的服務(wù)理念,為客戶提供成都網(wǎng)站建設(shè)、成都網(wǎng)站設(shè)計 網(wǎng)站設(shè)計制作按需定制制作,公司網(wǎng)站建設(shè),企業(yè)網(wǎng)站建設(shè),品牌網(wǎng)站設(shè)計,成都營銷網(wǎng)站建設(shè),成都外貿(mào)網(wǎng)站建設(shè)公司,西城網(wǎng)站建設(shè)費(fèi)用合理。
2, 站點(diǎn)進(jìn)程w3wp 可以在cmd命令行中通過 iisapp 命令來對應(yīng)是那個網(wǎng)站占用內(nèi)存較大。可以通過設(shè)置回收時間、內(nèi)存最大使用值或共用進(jìn)程池來減少內(nèi)存的占用,但是如果要保證網(wǎng)站的訪問質(zhì)量,還是建議升級至更高型號來解決;
3,數(shù)據(jù)庫 sql server 也可以通過數(shù)據(jù)庫的企業(yè)管理器來設(shè)置最大內(nèi)存占用,但是如果網(wǎng)站程序必須要占用較大內(nèi)存的話,設(shè)置后會發(fā)生頁面報錯、打不開等問題;
4,MYSQL本身會占用較大虛擬內(nèi)存,如果不使用mysql數(shù)據(jù)庫的話,可以將其停止。
數(shù)據(jù)庫優(yōu)化一方面是找出系統(tǒng)的瓶頸,提高M(jìn)ySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫的整體性能,而另一方面需要合理的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計和參數(shù)調(diào)整,以提高用戶的相應(yīng)速度,同時還要盡可能的節(jié)約系統(tǒng)資源,以便讓系統(tǒng)提供更大的負(fù)荷.
1. 優(yōu)化一覽圖
2. 優(yōu)化
筆者將優(yōu)化分為了兩大類,軟優(yōu)化和硬優(yōu)化,軟優(yōu)化一般是操作數(shù)據(jù)庫即可,而硬優(yōu)化則是操作服務(wù)器硬件及參數(shù)設(shè)置.
2.1 軟優(yōu)化
2.1.1 查詢語句優(yōu)化
1.首先我們可以用EXPLAIN或DESCRIBE(簡寫:DESC)命令分析一條查詢語句的執(zhí)行信息.
2.例:
顯示:
其中會顯示索引和查詢數(shù)據(jù)讀取數(shù)據(jù)條數(shù)等信息.
2.1.2 優(yōu)化子查詢
在MySQL中,盡量使用JOIN來代替子查詢.因?yàn)樽硬樵冃枰短撞樵?嵌套查詢時會建立一張臨時表,臨時表的建立和刪除都會有較大的系統(tǒng)開銷,而連接查詢不會創(chuàng)建臨時表,因此效率比嵌套子查詢高.
2.1.3 使用索引
索引是提高數(shù)據(jù)庫查詢速度最重要的方法之一,關(guān)于索引可以參高筆者M(jìn)ySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫索引一文,介紹比較詳細(xì),此處記錄使用索引的三大注意事項:
2.1.4 分解表
對于字段較多的表,如果某些字段使用頻率較低,此時應(yīng)當(dāng),將其分離出來從而形成新的表,
2.1.5 中間表
對于將大量連接查詢的表可以創(chuàng)建中間表,從而減少在查詢時造成的連接耗時.
2.1.6 增加冗余字段
類似于創(chuàng)建中間表,增加冗余也是為了減少連接查詢.
2.1.7 分析表,,檢查表,優(yōu)化表
分析表主要是分析表中關(guān)鍵字的分布,檢查表主要是檢查表中是否存在錯誤,優(yōu)化表主要是消除刪除或更新造成的表空間浪費(fèi).
1. 分析表: 使用 ANALYZE 關(guān)鍵字,如ANALYZE TABLE user;
2. 檢查表: 使用 CHECK關(guān)鍵字,如CHECK TABLE user [option]
option 只對MyISAM有效,共五個參數(shù)值:
3. 優(yōu)化表:使用OPTIMIZE關(guān)鍵字,如OPTIMIZE [LOCAL|NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG] TABLE user;
LOCAL|NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG都是表示不寫入日志.,優(yōu)化表只對VARCHAR,BLOB和TEXT有效,通過OPTIMIZE TABLE語句可以消除文件碎片,在執(zhí)行過程中會加上只讀鎖.
2.2 硬優(yōu)化
2.2.1 硬件三件套
1.配置多核心和頻率高的cpu,多核心可以執(zhí)行多個線程.
2.配置大內(nèi)存,提高內(nèi)存,即可提高緩存區(qū)容量,因此能減少磁盤I/O時間,從而提高響應(yīng)速度.
3.配置高速磁盤或合理分布磁盤:高速磁盤提高I/O,分布磁盤能提高并行操作的能力.
2.2.2 優(yōu)化數(shù)據(jù)庫參數(shù)
優(yōu)化數(shù)據(jù)庫參數(shù)可以提高資源利用率,從而提高M(jìn)ySQL服務(wù)器性能.MySQL服務(wù)的配置參數(shù)都在my.cnf或my.ini,下面列出性能影響較大的幾個參數(shù).
2.2.3 分庫分表
因?yàn)閿?shù)據(jù)庫壓力過大,首先一個問題就是高峰期系統(tǒng)性能可能會降低,因?yàn)閿?shù)據(jù)庫負(fù)載過高對性能會有影響。另外一個,壓力過大把你的數(shù)據(jù)庫給搞掛了怎么辦?所以此時你必須得對系統(tǒng)做分庫分表 + 讀寫分離,也就是把一個庫拆分為多個庫,部署在多個數(shù)據(jù)庫服務(wù)上,這時作為主庫承載寫入請求。然后每個主庫都掛載至少一個從庫,由從庫來承載讀請求。
2.2.4 緩存集群
如果用戶量越來越大,此時你可以不停的加機(jī)器,比如說系統(tǒng)層面不停加機(jī)器,就可以承載更高的并發(fā)請求。然后數(shù)據(jù)庫層面如果寫入并發(fā)越來越高,就擴(kuò)容加數(shù)據(jù)庫服務(wù)器,通過分庫分表是可以支持?jǐn)U容機(jī)器的,如果數(shù)據(jù)庫層面的讀并發(fā)越來越高,就擴(kuò)容加更多的從庫。但是這里有一個很大的問題:數(shù)據(jù)庫其實(shí)本身不是用來承載高并發(fā)請求的,所以通常來說,數(shù)據(jù)庫單機(jī)每秒承載的并發(fā)就在幾千的數(shù)量級,而且數(shù)據(jù)庫使用的機(jī)器都是比較高配置,比較昂貴的機(jī)器,成本很高。如果你就是簡單的不停的加機(jī)器,其實(shí)是不對的。所以在高并發(fā)架構(gòu)里通常都有緩存這個環(huán)節(jié),緩存系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計就是為了承載高并發(fā)而生。所以單機(jī)承載的并發(fā)量都在每秒幾萬,甚至每秒數(shù)十萬,對高并發(fā)的承載能力比數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)要高出一到兩個數(shù)量級。所以你完全可以根據(jù)系統(tǒng)的業(yè)務(wù)特性,對那種寫少讀多的請求,引入緩存集群。具體來說,就是在寫數(shù)據(jù)庫的時候同時寫一份數(shù)據(jù)到緩存集群里,然后用緩存集群來承載大部分的讀請求。這樣的話,通過緩存集群,就可以用更少的機(jī)器資源承載更高的并發(fā)。
一個完整而復(fù)雜的高并發(fā)系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)中,一定會包含:各種復(fù)雜的自研基礎(chǔ)架構(gòu)系統(tǒng)。各種精妙的架構(gòu)設(shè)計.因此一篇小文頂多具有拋磚引玉的效果,但是數(shù)據(jù)庫優(yōu)化的思想差不多就這些了.
生產(chǎn)環(huán)境中,MySQL 不經(jīng)意間吃掉全部的內(nèi)容,然后開始吃掉 SWAP,性能一降再降,怎么辦?
可以從下面三點(diǎn)查看原因:
MySQL 使用內(nèi)存,有兩個途徑。
永久占用的內(nèi)容
比如全局緩沖區(qū)(Global Buffer)類別,是在服務(wù)器啟動期間從操作系統(tǒng)獲得的,不會釋放到任何一個別的進(jìn)程。
動態(tài)請求的內(nèi)存
線程緩沖區(qū)由MySQL使用,它是在處理新查詢時從操作系統(tǒng)請求的內(nèi)存。在執(zhí)行查詢之后,該內(nèi)存被釋放回操作系統(tǒng)。
這意味著 MySQL 的內(nèi)存使用,是 全局緩沖區(qū) 加上 線程緩沖區(qū) 以及 允許的最大連接數(shù) 。
對于專用數(shù)據(jù)庫服務(wù)器,該值需要保持在服務(wù)器內(nèi)存的90%以下。在共享服務(wù)器的情況下,它應(yīng)該保持在服務(wù)器內(nèi)存的50%以下。
檢查一下 MySQL 設(shè)置,有助于確定內(nèi)存使用情況,從而為 MySQL 分配合適的值。
一個近似的公式:
當(dāng)網(wǎng)站受到攻擊時,有可能在短時間內(nèi)建立異常高的連接數(shù)量。MySQL 中的 PROCESSLIST 可用于檢測頂級用戶并阻止對濫用連接的訪問。
找出查詢需要很長時間才能執(zhí)行的語句,因?yàn)檫@些查詢需要進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化服務(wù)器才能更好地執(zhí)行,可以通過服務(wù)器查詢?nèi)罩具M(jìn)行識別。由于查詢速度慢,導(dǎo)致磁盤讀取較多,導(dǎo)致內(nèi)存和CPU使用率較高,影響服務(wù)器性能。
最后,到了加內(nèi)存條的時候了。雖然在優(yōu)化數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)置之后,服務(wù)器會不斷地路由到使用交換內(nèi)存,但也必須增加內(nèi)存。俗話說:“巧婦難為無米之炊”,就是這個意思。
上面說的這些方向,大家可以在實(shí)際操作中驗(yàn)證體會,希望大家在數(shù)據(jù)庫優(yōu)化的路上,麻溜順暢,砥礪前行。
mysql耗內(nèi)存嗎?很多人都說MySQL占用了很大的虛擬內(nèi)存,那么這個問題應(yīng)該怎么解決呢?下面是我收集整理的一些方法,現(xiàn)在分享給大家!
解決mysql耗內(nèi)存的具體方法一:
在分析的過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)最耗內(nèi)存的是MySQL,其中近1GB的內(nèi)存被它吞了,而且不在任務(wù)管理器體現(xiàn)出來。這個數(shù)據(jù)庫軟件是EMS要用到了,所以必須要運(yùn)行。這個軟件在安裝的時候會根據(jù)機(jī)器的實(shí)際內(nèi)存自動進(jìn)行配置,PC機(jī)物理內(nèi)存越多,它默認(rèn)占有的內(nèi)存就越多,難怪3GB的內(nèi)存被它給吞了近1GB。
優(yōu)化方法:
1. 退出EMS clientserver
2. 在CMD里運(yùn)行:net stop mysql
3. 找到MySQL\MySQL Server的安裝目錄,里面有個my.ini文件,參考附件的配置對參數(shù)query_cache_size tmp_table_size myisam_sort_buffer_size key_buffer_size innodb_buffer_pool_size進(jìn)行修改,注意不要改動innodb_log_file_size,修改前備份my.ini
4. 在CMD里運(yùn)行:net start mysql,如果提示成功,則說明修改的參數(shù)沒有什么問題,如果失敗,重新調(diào)整一下上面的參數(shù)
5. 找到EMS 安裝目錄runGUI.bat runServer.bat腳本,找到-Xmx700m,改為-Xmx256m,注意修改前備份這兩個文件,感謝Liping Sun提供幫助
6. 重新運(yùn)行EMS
前后對比,對于3GB的PC,發(fā)現(xiàn)可以節(jié)省近1GB的內(nèi)存。對于2GB的PC,也可以節(jié)省600-800MB。優(yōu)化后發(fā)現(xiàn)EMS啟動稍微慢一些,但是其它的軟件運(yùn)行速度提高了很多,不在經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)卡機(jī)現(xiàn)象了。如果在運(yùn)行過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)EMS特別慢的話,自己也可以適當(dāng)放大上面提到的一些參數(shù)。
my.ini
# MySQL Server Instance Configuration File
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Generated by the MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard
#
#
# Installation Instructions
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# On Linux you can copy this file to /etc/my.cnf to set global options,
# mysql-data-dir/my.cnf to set server-specific options
# (@localstatedir@ for this installation) or to
# ~/.my.cnf to set user-specific options.
#
# On Windows you should keep this file in the installation directory
# of your server (e.g. C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y). To
# make sure the server reads the config file use the startup option
# "--defaults-file".
#
# To run run the server from the command line, execute this in a
# command line shell, e.g.
# mysqld --defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y\my.ini"
#
# To install the server as a Windows service manually, execute this in a
# command line shell, e.g.
# mysqld --install MySQLXY --defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y\my.ini"
#
# And then execute this in a command line shell to start the server, e.g.
# net start MySQLXY
#
#
# Guildlines for editing this file
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# In this file, you can use all long options that the program supports.
# If you want to know the options a program supports, start the program
# with the "--help" option.
#
# More detailed information about the individual options can also be
# found in the manual.
#
#
# CLIENT SECTION
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# The following options will be read by MySQL client applications.
# Note that only client applications shipped by MySQL are guaranteed
# to read this section. If you want your own MySQL client program to
# honor these values, you need to specify it as an option during the
# MySQL client library initialization.
#
[client]
port=3306
[mysql]
default-character-set=utf8
# SERVER SECTION
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# The following options will be read by the MySQL Server. Make sure that
# you have installed the server correctly (see above) so it reads this
# file.
#
[mysqld]
# The TCP/IP Port the MySQL Server will listen on
port=3306
#Path to installation directory. All paths are usually resolved relative to this.
basedir="D:/Program Files/MySQL/MySQL Server 5.1/"
#Path to the database root
datadir="C:/Documents and Settings/All Users/Application Data/MySQL/MySQL Server 5.1/Data/"
# The default character set that will be used when a new schema or table is
# created and no character set is defined
character-set-server=utf8
# The default storage engine that will be used when create new tables when
default-storage-engine=INNODB
# Set the SQL mode to strict
sql-mode="STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION"
# The maximum amount of concurrent sessions the MySQL server will
# allow. One of these connections will be reserved for a user with
# SUPER privileges to allow the administrator to login even if the
# connection limit has been reached.
max_connections=1510
# Query cache is used to cache SELECT results and later return them
# without actual executing the same query once again. Having the query
# cache enabled may result in significant speed improvements, if your
# have a lot of identical queries and rarely changing tables. See the
# "Qcache_lowmem_prunes" status variable to check if the current value
# is high enough for your load.
# Note: In case your tables change very often or if your queries are
# textually different every time, the query cache may result in a
# slowdown instead of a performance improvement.
query_cache_size=16M
# The number of open tables for all threads. Increasing this value
# increases the number of file descriptors that mysqld requires.
# Therefore you have to make sure to set the amount of open files
# allowed to at least 4096 in the variable "open-files-limit" in
# section [mysqld_safe]
table_cache=3020
# Maximum size for internal (in-memory) temporary tables. If a table
# grows larger than this value, it is automatically converted to disk
# based table This limitation is for a single table. There can be many
# of them.
tmp_table_size=4M
# How many threads we should keep in a cache for reuse. When a client
# disconnects, the client's threads are put in the cache if there aren't
# more than thread_cache_size threads from before. This greatly reduces
# the amount of thread creations needed if you have a lot of new
# connections. (Normally this doesn't give a notable performance
# improvement if you have a good thread implementation.)
thread_cache_size=64
#*** MyISAM Specific options
# The maximum size of the temporary file MySQL is allowed to use while
# recreating the index (during REPAIR, ALTER TABLE or LOAD DATA INFILE.
# If the file-size would be bigger than this, the index will be created
# through the key cache (which is slower).
myisam_max_sort_file_size=100G
# If the temporary file used for fast index creation would be bigger
# than using the key cache by the amount specified here, then prefer the
# key cache method. This is mainly used to force long character keys in
# large tables to use the slower key cache method to create the index.
myisam_sort_buffer_size=4M
# Size of the Key Buffer, used to cache index blocks for MyISAM tables.
# Do not set it larger than 30% of your available memory, as some memory
# is also required by the OS to cache rows. Even if you're not using
# MyISAM tables, you should still set it to 8-64M as it will also be
# used for internal temporary disk tables.
key_buffer_size=16M
# Size of the buffer used for doing full table scans of MyISAM tables.
# Allocated per thread, if a full scan is needed.
read_buffer_size=64K
read_rnd_buffer_size=256K
# This buffer is allocated when MySQL needs to rebuild the index in
# REPAIR, OPTIMZE, ALTER table statements as well as in LOAD DATA INFILE
# into an empty table. It is allocated per thread so be careful with
# large settings.
sort_buffer_size=256K
#*** INNODB Specific options ***
# Use this option if you have a MySQL server with InnoDB support enabled
# but you do not plan to use it. This will save memory and disk space
# and speed up some things.
#skip-innodb
# Additional memory pool that is used by InnoDB to store metadata
# information. If InnoDB requires more memory for this purpose it will
# start to allocate it from the OS. As this is fast enough on most
# recent operating systems, you normally do not need to change this
# value. SHOW INNODB STATUS will display the current amount used.
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=9M
# If set to 1, InnoDB will flush (fsync) the transaction logs to the
# disk at each commit, which offers full ACID behavior. If you are
# willing to compromise this safety, and you are running small
# transactions, you may set this to 0 or 2 to reduce disk I/O to the
# logs. Value 0 means that the log is only written to the log file and
# the log file flushed to disk approximately once per second. Value 2
# means the log is written to the log file at each commit, but the log
# file is only flushed to disk approximately once per second.
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=1
# The size of the buffer InnoDB uses for buffering log data. As soon as
# it is full, InnoDB will have to flush it to disk. As it is flushed
# once per second anyway, it does not make sense to have it very large
# (even with long transactions).
innodb_log_buffer_size=5M
# InnoDB, unlike MyISAM, uses a buffer pool to cache both indexes and
# row data. The bigger you set this the less disk I/O is needed to
# access data in tables. On a dedicated database server you may set this
# parameter up to 80% of the machine physical memory size. Do not set it
# too large, though, because competition of the physical memory may
# cause paging in the operating system. Note that on 32bit systems you
# might be limited to 2-3.5G of user level memory per process, so do not
# set it too high.
innodb_buffer_pool_size=32M
# Size of each log file in a log group. You should set the combined size
# of log files to about 25%-100% of your buffer pool size to avoid
# unneeded buffer pool flush activity on log file overwrite. However,
# note that a larger logfile size will increase the time needed for the
# recovery process.
innodb_log_file_size=88M
# Number of threads allowed inside the InnoDB kernel. The optimal value
# depends highly on the application, hardware as well as the OS
# scheduler properties. A too high value may lead to thread thrashing.
innodb_thread_concurrency=8
解決mysql耗內(nèi)存的具體方法二:
更改后如下:
innodb_buffer_pool_size=576M -256M InnoDB引擎緩沖區(qū)占了大頭,首要就是拿它開刀
query_cache_size=100M -16M 查詢緩存
tmp_table_size=102M -64M 臨時表大小
key_buffer_size=256m -32M
重啟mysql服務(wù)后,虛擬內(nèi)存降到200以下.
另外mysql安裝目錄下有幾個文件:my-huge.ini 、my-large.ini、my-medium.ini...這幾個是根據(jù)內(nèi)存大小作的建議配置,新手在設(shè)置的時候也可以參考一下。
2G內(nèi)存的MYSQL數(shù)據(jù)庫服務(wù)器 my.ini優(yōu)化 (my.ini)
2G內(nèi)存,針對站少,優(yōu)質(zhì)型的設(shè)置,試驗(yàn)特:
table_cache=1024 物理內(nèi)存越大,設(shè)置就越大.默認(rèn)為2402,調(diào)到512-1024最佳
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=8M 默認(rèn)為2M
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=0 等到innodb_log_buffer_size列隊滿后再統(tǒng)一儲存,默認(rèn)為1
innodb_log_buffer_size=4M 默認(rèn)為1M
innodb_thread_concurrency=8 你的服務(wù)器CPU有幾個就設(shè)置為幾,默認(rèn)為8
key_buffer_size=256M 默認(rèn)為218 調(diào)到128最佳
tmp_table_size=64M 默認(rèn)為16M 調(diào)到64-256最掛
read_buffer_size=4M 默認(rèn)為64K
read_rnd_buffer_size=16M 默認(rèn)為256K
sort_buffer_size=32M 默認(rèn)為256K
max_connections=1024 默認(rèn)為1210
試驗(yàn)一:
table_cache=512或1024
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=2M
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=0
innodb_log_buffer_size=1M
innodb_thread_concurrency=8 你的服務(wù)器CPU有幾個就設(shè)置為幾,默認(rèn)為8
key_buffer_size=128M
tmp_table_size=128M
read_buffer_size=64K或128K
read_rnd_buffer_size=256K
sort_buffer_size=512K
max_connections=1024
試驗(yàn)二:
table_cache=512或1024
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=8M
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=0
innodb_log_buffer_size=4M
innodb_thread_concurrency=8
key_buffer_size=128M
tmp_table_size=128M
read_buffer_size=4M
read_rnd_buffer_size=16M
sort_buffer_size=32M
max_connections=1024
一般:
table_cache=512
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=8M
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=0
innodb_log_buffer_size=4M
innodb_thread_concurrency=8
key_buffer_size=128M
tmp_table_size=128M
read_buffer_size=4M
read_rnd_buffer_size=16M
sort_buffer_size=32M
max_connections=1024
經(jīng)過測試.沒有特殊情況,最好還是用默認(rèn)的.
2G內(nèi)存,針對站多,抗壓型的設(shè)置,最佳:
table_cache=1024 物理內(nèi)存越大,設(shè)置就越大.默認(rèn)為2402,調(diào)到512-1024最佳
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=4M 默認(rèn)為2M
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=1
(設(shè)置為0就是等到innodb_log_buffer_size列隊滿后再統(tǒng)一儲存,默認(rèn)為1)
innodb_log_buffer_size=2M 默認(rèn)為1M
innodb_thread_concurrency=8 你的服務(wù)器CPU有幾個就設(shè)置為幾,建議用默認(rèn)一般為8
key_buffer_size=256M 默認(rèn)為218 調(diào)到128最佳
tmp_table_size=64M 默認(rèn)為16M 調(diào)到64-256最掛
read_buffer_size=4M 默認(rèn)為64K
read_rnd_buffer_size=16M 默認(rèn)為256K
sort_buffer_size=32M 默認(rèn)為256K
max_connections=1024 默認(rèn)為1210
thread_cache_size=120 默認(rèn)為60
query_cache_size=64M
優(yōu)化mysql數(shù)據(jù)庫性能的十個參數(shù)
(1)、max_connections:
允許的同時客戶的數(shù)量。增加該值增加 mysqld 要求的文件描述符的數(shù)量。這個數(shù)字應(yīng)該增加,否則,你將經(jīng)??吹?too many connections 錯誤。 默認(rèn)數(shù)值是100,我把它改為1024 。
(2)、record_buffer:
每個進(jìn)行一個順序掃描的線程為其掃描的每張表分配這個大小的一個緩沖區(qū)。如果你做很多順序掃描,你可能想要增加該值。默認(rèn)數(shù)值是131072(128k),我把它改為16773120 (16m)
(3)、key_buffer_size:
索引塊是緩沖的并且被所有的線程共享。key_buffer_size是用于索引塊的緩沖區(qū)大小,增加它可得到更好處理的索引(對所有讀和多重寫),到你能負(fù)擔(dān)得起那樣多。如果你使它太大,系統(tǒng)將開始換頁并且真的變慢了。默認(rèn)數(shù)值是8388600(8m),我的mysql主機(jī)有2gb內(nèi)存,所以我把它改為 402649088(400mb)。
4)、back_log:
要求 mysql 能有的連接數(shù)量。當(dāng)主要mysql線程在一個很短時間內(nèi)得到非常多的連接請求,這就起作用,然后主線程花些時間(盡管很短)檢查連接并且啟動一個新線程。
back_log 值指出在mysql暫時停止回答新請求之前的短時間內(nèi)多少個請求可以被存在堆棧中。只有如果期望在一個短時間內(nèi)有很多連接,你需要增加它,換句話說,這值對到來的tcp/ip連接的偵聽隊列的大小。你的操作系統(tǒng)在這個隊列大小上有它自己的限制。試圖設(shè)定back_log高于你的操作系統(tǒng)的限制將是無效的。
當(dāng)你觀察你的主機(jī)進(jìn)程列表,發(fā)現(xiàn)大量 264084 | unauthenticated user | xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx | null | connect | null | login | null 的待連接進(jìn)程時,就要加大 back_log 的值了。默認(rèn)數(shù)值是50,我把它改為500。
(5)、interactive_timeout:
服務(wù)器在關(guān)閉它前在一個交互連接上等待行動的秒數(shù)。一個交互的客戶被定義為對 mysql_real_connect()使用 client_interactive 選項的客戶。 默認(rèn)數(shù)值是28800,我把它改為7200。
(6)、sort_buffer:
每個需要進(jìn)行排序的線程分配該大小的一個緩沖區(qū)。增加這值加速order by或group by操作。默認(rèn)數(shù)值是2097144(2m),我把它改為 16777208 (16m)。
(7)、table_cache:
為所有線程打開表的數(shù)量。增加該值能增加mysqld要求的文件描述符的數(shù)量。mysql對每個唯一打開的表需要2個文件描述符。默認(rèn)數(shù)值是64,我把它改為512。
(8)、thread_cache_size:
可以復(fù)用的保存在中的線程的數(shù)量。如果有,新的線程從緩存中取得,當(dāng)斷開連接的時候如果有空間,客戶的線置在緩存中。如果有很多新的線程,為了提高性能可以這個變量值。通過比較 connections 和 threads_created 狀態(tài)的變量,可以看到這個變量的作用。我把它設(shè)置為 80。
(9)mysql的搜索功能
用mysql進(jìn)行搜索,目的是能不分大小寫,又能用中文進(jìn)行搜索
只需起動mysqld時指定 --default-character-set=gb2312
(10)、wait_timeout:
服務(wù)器在關(guān)閉它之前在一個連接上等待行動的秒數(shù)。 默認(rèn)數(shù)值是28800,我把它改為7200。
注:參數(shù)的調(diào)整可以通過修改 /etc/my.cnf 文件并重啟 mysql 實(shí)現(xiàn)。這是一個比較謹(jǐn)慎的工作,上面的結(jié)果也僅僅是我的一些看法,你可以根據(jù)你自己主機(jī)的硬件情況(特別是內(nèi)存大小)進(jìn)一步修改。