HttpWebRequest、WebClient和HttpClient怎么在C#項(xiàng)目中使用?相信很多沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人對此束手無策,為此本文總結(jié)了問題出現(xiàn)的原因和解決方法,通過這篇文章希望你能解決這個(gè)問題。
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HttpWebRequest:
命名空間: System.Net,這是.NET創(chuàng)建者最初開發(fā)用于使用HTTP請求的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)類。使用HttpWebRequest可以讓開發(fā)者控制請求/響應(yīng)流程的各個(gè)方面,如 timeouts, cookies, headers, protocols。另一個(gè)好處是HttpWebRequest類不會阻塞UI線程。例如,當(dāng)您從響應(yīng)很慢的API服務(wù)器下載大文件時(shí),您的應(yīng)用程序的UI不會停止響應(yīng)。HttpWebRequest通常和WebResponse一起使用,一個(gè)發(fā)送請求,一個(gè)獲取數(shù)據(jù)。HttpWebRquest更為底層一些,能夠?qū)φ麄€(gè)訪問過程有個(gè)直觀的認(rèn)識,但同時(shí)也更加復(fù)雜一些。
//POST方法 public static string HttpPost(string Url, string postDataStr) { HttpWebRequest request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(Url); request.Method = "POST"; request.ContentType = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"; Encoding encoding = Encoding.UTF8; byte[] postData = encoding.GetBytes(postDataStr); request.ContentLength = postData.Length; Stream myRequestStream = request.GetRequestStream(); myRequestStream.Write(postData, 0, postData.Length); myRequestStream.Close(); HttpWebResponse response = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse(); Stream myResponseStream = response.GetResponseStream(); StreamReader myStreamReader = new StreamReader(myResponseStream, encoding); string retString = myStreamReader.ReadToEnd(); myStreamReader.Close(); myResponseStream.Close(); return retString; } //GET方法 public static string HttpGet(string Url, string postDataStr) { HttpWebRequest request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(Url + (postDataStr == "" ? "" : "?") + postDataStr); request.Method = "GET"; request.ContentType = "text/html;charset=UTF-8"; HttpWebResponse response = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse(); Stream myResponseStream = response.GetResponseStream(); StreamReader myStreamReader = new StreamReader(myResponseStream, Encoding.GetEncoding("utf-8")); string retString = myStreamReader.ReadToEnd(); myStreamReader.Close(); myResponseStream.Close(); return retString; }
WebClient:
命名空間System.Net,WebClient是一種更高級別的抽象,是HttpWebRequest為了簡化最常見任務(wù)而創(chuàng)建的,使用過程中你會發(fā)現(xiàn)他缺少基本的header,timeoust的設(shè)置,不過這些可以通過繼承httpwebrequest來實(shí)現(xiàn)。相對來說,WebClient比WebRequest更加簡單,它相當(dāng)于封裝了request和response方法,不過需要說明的是,Webclient和WebRequest繼承的是不同類,兩者在繼承上沒有任何關(guān)系。使用WebClient可能比HttpWebRequest直接使用更慢(大約幾毫秒),但卻更為簡單,減少了很多細(xì)節(jié),代碼量也比較少。
public class WebClientHelper { public static string DownloadString(string url) { WebClient wc = new WebClient(); //wc.BaseAddress = url; //設(shè)置根目錄 wc.Encoding = Encoding.UTF8; //設(shè)置按照何種編碼訪問,如果不加此行,獲取到的字符串中文將是亂碼 string str = wc.DownloadString(url); return str; } public static string DownloadStreamString(string url) { WebClient wc = new WebClient(); wc.Headers.Add("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/76.0.3809.132 Safari/537.36"); Stream objStream = wc.OpenRead(url); StreamReader _read = new StreamReader(objStream, Encoding.UTF8); //新建一個(gè)讀取流,用指定的編碼讀取,此處是utf-8 string str = _read.ReadToEnd(); objStream.Close(); _read.Close(); return str; } public static void DownloadFile(string url, string filename) { WebClient wc = new WebClient(); wc.DownloadFile(url, filename); //下載文件 } public static void DownloadData(string url, string filename) { WebClient wc = new WebClient(); byte [] bytes = wc.DownloadData(url); //下載到字節(jié)數(shù)組 FileStream fs = new FileStream(filename, FileMode.Create); fs.Write(bytes, 0, bytes.Length); fs.Flush(); fs.Close(); } public static void DownloadFileAsync(string url, string filename) { WebClient wc = new WebClient(); wc.DownloadFileCompleted += DownCompletedEventHandler; wc.DownloadFileAsync(new Uri(url), filename); Console.WriteLine("下載中。。。"); } private static void DownCompletedEventHandler(object sender, AsyncCompletedEventArgs e) { Console.WriteLine(sender.ToString()); //觸發(fā)事件的對象 Console.WriteLine(e.UserState); Console.WriteLine(e.Cancelled); Console.WriteLine("異步下載完成!"); } public static void DownloadFileAsync2(string url, string filename) { WebClient wc = new WebClient(); wc.DownloadFileCompleted += (sender, e) => { Console.WriteLine("下載完成!"); Console.WriteLine(sender.ToString()); Console.WriteLine(e.UserState); Console.WriteLine(e.Cancelled); }; wc.DownloadFileAsync(new Uri(url), filename); Console.WriteLine("下載中。。。"); } }
HttpClient:
HttpClient是.NET4.5引入的一個(gè)HTTP客戶端庫,其命名空間為 System.Net.Http ,.NET 4.5之前我們可能使用WebClient和HttpWebRequest來達(dá)到相同目的。HttpClient利用了最新的面向任務(wù)模式,使得處理異步請求非常容易。它適合用于多次請求操作,一般設(shè)置好默認(rèn)頭部后,可以進(jìn)行重復(fù)多次的請求,基本上用一個(gè)實(shí)例可以提交任何的HTTP請求。HttpClient有預(yù)熱機(jī)制,第一次進(jìn)行訪問時(shí)比較慢,所以不應(yīng)該用到HttpClient就new一個(gè)出來,應(yīng)該使用單例或其他方式獲取HttpClient的實(shí)例
單例模式:
單例模式(Singleton Pattern)這種類型的設(shè)計(jì)模式屬于創(chuàng)建型模式,它提供了一種創(chuàng)建對象的最佳方式。
這種模式涉及到一個(gè)單一的類,該類負(fù)責(zé)創(chuàng)建自己的對象,同時(shí)確保只有單個(gè)對象被創(chuàng)建。這個(gè)類提供了一種訪問其唯一的對象的方式,可以直接訪問,不需要實(shí)例化該類的對象。
單例創(chuàng)建步驟:1、定義靜態(tài)私有對象;2、定義私有構(gòu)造函數(shù);3、提供公共獲取對象方法;
單例模式一般分為兩種實(shí)現(xiàn)模式:懶漢模式、餓漢模式(以下為Java代碼實(shí)現(xiàn))
懶漢模式: 默認(rèn)不會實(shí)例化,什么時(shí)候用什么時(shí)候new
public class Singleton { private static Singleton instance = null; private Singleton (){} public static Singleton getInstance() { if (instance == null) { instance = new Singleton(); } return instance; } }
這種方式是最基本的實(shí)現(xiàn)方式,這種實(shí)現(xiàn)最大的問題就是不支持多線程。因?yàn)闆]有加鎖 synchronized,所以嚴(yán)格意義上它并不算單例模式。
這種方式 lazy loading 很明顯,不要求線程安全,在多線程不能正常工作。
餓漢模式: 類初始化時(shí),會立即加載該對象,線程天生安全,調(diào)用效率高
public class Singleton { private static Singleton instance = new Singleton(); private Singleton (){} public static Singleton getInstance() { return instance; } }
雙檢鎖/雙重校驗(yàn)鎖(DCL,即 double-checked locking):這種方式采用雙鎖機(jī)制,安全且在多線程情況下能保持高性能
public class Singleton { private volatile static Singleton singleton; private Singleton (){} public static Singleton getSingleton() { if (singleton == null) { synchronized (Singleton.class) { if (singleton == null) { singleton = new Singleton(); } } } return singleton; } }
HttpClient:
public class HttpClientHelper { private static readonly object LockObj = new object(); private static HttpClient client = null; public HttpClientHelper() { GetInstance(); } public static HttpClient GetInstance() { if (client == null) { lock (LockObj) { if (client == null) { client = new HttpClient(); } } } return client; } public async TaskPostAsync(string url, string strJson)//post異步請求方法 { try { HttpContent content = new StringContent(strJson); content.Headers.ContentType = new System.Net.Http.Headers.MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); //由HttpClient發(fā)出異步Post請求 HttpResponseMessage res = await client.PostAsync(url, content); if (res.StatusCode == System.Net.HttpStatusCode.OK) { string str = res.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result; return str; } else return null; } catch (Exception ex) { return null; } } public string Post(string url, string strJson)//post同步請求方法 { try { HttpContent content = new StringContent(strJson); content.Headers.ContentType = new System.Net.Http.Headers.MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); //client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Connection.Add("keep-alive"); //由HttpClient發(fā)出Post請求 Task res = client.PostAsync(url, content); if (res.Result.StatusCode == System.Net.HttpStatusCode.OK) { string str = res.Result.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result; return str; } else return null; } catch (Exception ex) { return null; } } public string Get(string url) { try { var responseString = client.GetStringAsync(url); return responseString.Result; } catch (Exception ex) { return null; } } }
HttpClient有預(yù)熱機(jī)制,第一次請求比較慢;可以通過初始化前發(fā)送一次head請求解決:
_httpClient = new HttpClient() { BaseAddress = new Uri(BASE_ADDRESS) }; //幫HttpClient熱身 _httpClient.SendAsync(new HttpRequestMessage { Method = new HttpMethod("HEAD"), RequestUri = new Uri(BASE_ADDRESS + "/") }) .Result.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
三者區(qū)別列表:
看完上述內(nèi)容,你們掌握HttpWebRequest、WebClient和HttpClient怎么在C#項(xiàng)目中使用的方法了嗎?如果還想學(xué)到更多技能或想了解更多相關(guān)內(nèi)容,歡迎關(guān)注創(chuàng)新互聯(lián)行業(yè)資訊頻道,感謝各位的閱讀!