這篇文章主要介紹Go實(shí)現(xiàn)HTTP請求限流的方法,文中介紹的非常詳細(xì),具有一定的參考價(jià)值,感興趣的小伙伴們一定要看完!
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在開發(fā)高并發(fā)系統(tǒng)時(shí)有三把利器用來保護(hù)系統(tǒng):緩存、降級和限流!為了保證在業(yè)務(wù)高峰期,線上系統(tǒng)也能保證一定的彈性和穩(wěn)定性,最有效的方案就是進(jìn)行服務(wù)降級了,而限流就是降級系統(tǒng)最常采用的方案之一。
這里為大家推薦一個(gè)開源庫 https://github.com/didip/tollbooth 但是,如果您想要一些簡單的、輕量級的或者只是想要學(xué)習(xí)的東西,實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的中間件來處理速率限制并不困難。今天我們就來聊聊如何實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的一個(gè)限流中間件
首先我們需要安裝一個(gè)提供了 Token bucket (令牌桶算法)的依賴包,上面提到的toolbooth 的實(shí)現(xiàn)也是基于它實(shí)現(xiàn)的
$ go get golang.org/x/time/rate
好了我們先看Demo代碼的實(shí)現(xiàn):
limit.go
package main import ( "net/http" "golang.org/x/time/rate" ) var limiter = rate.NewLimiter(2, 5) func limit(next http.Handler) http.Handler { return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { if limiter.Allow() == false { http.Error(w, http.StatusText(429), http.StatusTooManyRequests) return } next.ServeHTTP(w, r) }) }
main.go
package main import ( "net/http" ) func main() { mux := http.NewServeMux() mux.HandleFunc("/", okHandler) // Wrap the servemux with the limit middleware. http.ListenAndServe(":4000", limit(mux)) } func okHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { w.Write([]byte("OK")) }
我們看看 rate.NewLimiter的源碼:
// Copyright 2015 The Go Authors. All rights reserved. // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style // license that can be found in the LICENSE file. // Package rate provides a rate limiter. package rate import ( "fmt" "math" "sync" "time" "golang.org/x/net/context" ) // Limit defines the maximum frequency of some events. // Limit is represented as number of events per second. // A zero Limit allows no events. type Limit float64 // Inf is the infinite rate limit; it allows all events (even if burst is zero). const Inf = Limit(math.MaxFloat64) // Every converts a minimum time interval between events to a Limit. func Every(interval time.Duration) Limit { if interval <= 0 { return Inf } return 1 / Limit(interval.Seconds()) } // A Limiter controls how frequently events are allowed to happen. // It implements a "token bucket" of size b, initially full and refilled // at rate r tokens per second. // Informally, in any large enough time interval, the Limiter limits the // rate to r tokens per second, with a maximum burst size of b events. // As a special case, if r == Inf (the infinite rate), b is ignored. // See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_bucket for more about token buckets. // // The zero value is a valid Limiter, but it will reject all events. // Use NewLimiter to create non-zero Limiters. // // Limiter has three main methods, Allow, Reserve, and Wait. // Most callers should use Wait. // // Each of the three methods consumes a single token. // They differ in their behavior when no token is available. // If no token is available, Allow returns false. // If no token is available, Reserve returns a reservation for a future token // and the amount of time the caller must wait before using it. // If no token is available, Wait blocks until one can be obtained // or its associated context.Context is canceled. // // The methods AllowN, ReserveN, and WaitN consume n tokens. type Limiter struct { limit Limit burst int mu sync.Mutex tokens float64 // last is the last time the limiter's tokens field was updated last time.Time // lastEvent is the latest time of a rate-limited event (past or future) lastEvent time.Time } // Limit returns the maximum overall event rate. func (lim *Limiter) Limit() Limit { lim.mu.Lock() defer lim.mu.Unlock() return lim.limit } // Burst returns the maximum burst size. Burst is the maximum number of tokens // that can be consumed in a single call to Allow, Reserve, or Wait, so higher // Burst values allow more events to happen at once. // A zero Burst allows no events, unless limit == Inf. func (lim *Limiter) Burst() int { return lim.burst } // NewLimiter returns a new Limiter that allows events up to rate r and permits // bursts of at most b tokens. func NewLimiter(r Limit, b int) *Limiter { return &Limiter{ limit: r, burst: b, } } // Allow is shorthand for AllowN(time.Now(), 1). func (lim *Limiter) Allow() bool { return lim.AllowN(time.Now(), 1) } // AllowN reports whether n events may happen at time now. // Use this method if you intend to drop / skip events that exceed the rate limit. // Otherwise use Reserve or Wait. func (lim *Limiter) AllowN(now time.Time, n int) bool { return lim.reserveN(now, n, 0).ok } // A Reservation holds information about events that are permitted by a Limiter to happen after a delay. // A Reservation may be canceled, which may enable the Limiter to permit additional events. type Reservation struct { ok bool lim *Limiter tokens int timeToAct time.Time // This is the Limit at reservation time, it can change later. limit Limit } // OK returns whether the limiter can provide the requested number of tokens // within the maximum wait time. If OK is false, Delay returns InfDuration, and // Cancel does nothing. func (r *Reservation) OK() bool { return r.ok } // Delay is shorthand for DelayFrom(time.Now()). func (r *Reservation) Delay() time.Duration { return r.DelayFrom(time.Now()) } // InfDuration is the duration returned by Delay when a Reservation is not OK. const InfDuration = time.Duration(1<<63 - 1) // DelayFrom returns the duration for which the reservation holder must wait // before taking the reserved action. Zero duration means act immediately. // InfDuration means the limiter cannot grant the tokens requested in this // Reservation within the maximum wait time. func (r *Reservation) DelayFrom(now time.Time) time.Duration { if !r.ok { return InfDuration } delay := r.timeToAct.Sub(now) if delay < 0 { return 0 } return delay } // Cancel is shorthand for CancelAt(time.Now()). func (r *Reservation) Cancel() { r.CancelAt(time.Now()) return } // CancelAt indicates that the reservation holder will not perform the reserved action // and reverses the effects of this Reservation on the rate limit as much as possible, // considering that other reservations may have already been made. func (r *Reservation) CancelAt(now time.Time) { if !r.ok { return } r.lim.mu.Lock() defer r.lim.mu.Unlock() if r.lim.limit == Inf || r.tokens == 0 || r.timeToAct.Before(now) { return } // calculate tokens to restore // The duration between lim.lastEvent and r.timeToAct tells us how many tokens were reserved // after r was obtained. These tokens should not be restored. restoreTokens := float64(r.tokens) - r.limit.tokensFromDuration(r.lim.lastEvent.Sub(r.timeToAct)) if restoreTokens <= 0 { return } // advance time to now now, _, tokens := r.lim.advance(now) // calculate new number of tokens tokens += restoreTokens if burst := float64(r.lim.burst); tokens > burst { tokens = burst } // update state r.lim.last = now r.lim.tokens = tokens if r.timeToAct == r.lim.lastEvent { prevEvent := r.timeToAct.Add(r.limit.durationFromTokens(float64(-r.tokens))) if !prevEvent.Before(now) { r.lim.lastEvent = prevEvent } } return } // Reserve is shorthand for ReserveN(time.Now(), 1). func (lim *Limiter) Reserve() *Reservation { return lim.ReserveN(time.Now(), 1) } // ReserveN returns a Reservation that indicates how long the caller must wait before n events happen. // The Limiter takes this Reservation into account when allowing future events. // ReserveN returns false if n exceeds the Limiter's burst size. // Usage example: // r, ok := lim.ReserveN(time.Now(), 1) // if !ok { // // Not allowed to act! Did you remember to set lim.burst to be > 0 ? // } // time.Sleep(r.Delay()) // Act() // Use this method if you wish to wait and slow down in accordance with the rate limit without dropping events. // If you need to respect a deadline or cancel the delay, use Wait instead. // To drop or skip events exceeding rate limit, use Allow instead. func (lim *Limiter) ReserveN(now time.Time, n int) *Reservation { r := lim.reserveN(now, n, InfDuration) return &r } // Wait is shorthand for WaitN(ctx, 1). func (lim *Limiter) Wait(ctx context.Context) (err error) { return lim.WaitN(ctx, 1) } // WaitN blocks until lim permits n events to happen. // It returns an error if n exceeds the Limiter's burst size, the Context is // canceled, or the expected wait time exceeds the Context's Deadline. func (lim *Limiter) WaitN(ctx context.Context, n int) (err error) { if n > lim.burst { return fmt.Errorf("rate: Wait(n=%d) exceeds limiter's burst %d", n, lim.burst) } // Check if ctx is already cancelled select { case <-ctx.Done(): return ctx.Err() default: } // Determine wait limit now := time.Now() waitLimit := InfDuration if deadline, ok := ctx.Deadline(); ok { waitLimit = deadline.Sub(now) } // Reserve r := lim.reserveN(now, n, waitLimit) if !r.ok { return fmt.Errorf("rate: Wait(n=%d) would exceed context deadline", n) } // Wait t := time.NewTimer(r.DelayFrom(now)) defer t.Stop() select { case <-t.C: // We can proceed. return nil case <-ctx.Done(): // Context was canceled before we could proceed. Cancel the // reservation, which may permit other events to proceed sooner. r.Cancel() return ctx.Err() } } // SetLimit is shorthand for SetLimitAt(time.Now(), newLimit). func (lim *Limiter) SetLimit(newLimit Limit) { lim.SetLimitAt(time.Now(), newLimit) } // SetLimitAt sets a new Limit for the limiter. The new Limit, and Burst, may be violated // or underutilized by those which reserved (using Reserve or Wait) but did not yet act // before SetLimitAt was called. func (lim *Limiter) SetLimitAt(now time.Time, newLimit Limit) { lim.mu.Lock() defer lim.mu.Unlock() now, _, tokens := lim.advance(now) lim.last = now lim.tokens = tokens lim.limit = newLimit } // reserveN is a helper method for AllowN, ReserveN, and WaitN. // maxFutureReserve specifies the maximum reservation wait duration allowed. // reserveN returns Reservation, not *Reservation, to avoid allocation in AllowN and WaitN. func (lim *Limiter) reserveN(now time.Time, n int, maxFutureReserve time.Duration) Reservation { lim.mu.Lock() defer lim.mu.Unlock() if lim.limit == Inf { return Reservation{ ok: true, lim: lim, tokens: n, timeToAct: now, } } now, last, tokens := lim.advance(now) // Calculate the remaining number of tokens resulting from the request. tokens -= float64(n) // Calculate the wait duration var waitDuration time.Duration if tokens < 0 { waitDuration = lim.limit.durationFromTokens(-tokens) } // Decide result ok := n <= lim.burst && waitDuration <= maxFutureReserve // Prepare reservation r := Reservation{ ok: ok, lim: lim, limit: lim.limit, } if ok { r.tokens = n r.timeToAct = now.Add(waitDuration) } // Update state if ok { lim.last = now lim.tokens = tokens lim.lastEvent = r.timeToAct } else { lim.last = last } return r } // advance calculates and returns an updated state for lim resulting from the passage of time. // lim is not changed. func (lim *Limiter) advance(now time.Time) (newNow time.Time, newLast time.Time, newTokens float64) { last := lim.last if now.Before(last) { last = now } // Avoid making delta overflow below when last is very old. maxElapsed := lim.limit.durationFromTokens(float64(lim.burst) - lim.tokens) elapsed := now.Sub(last) if elapsed > maxElapsed { elapsed = maxElapsed } // Calculate the new number of tokens, due to time that passed. delta := lim.limit.tokensFromDuration(elapsed) tokens := lim.tokens + delta if burst := float64(lim.burst); tokens > burst { tokens = burst } return now, last, tokens } // durationFromTokens is a unit conversion function from the number of tokens to the duration // of time it takes to accumulate them at a rate of limit tokens per second. func (limit Limit) durationFromTokens(tokens float64) time.Duration { seconds := tokens / float64(limit) return time.Nanosecond * time.Duration(1e9*seconds) } // tokensFromDuration is a unit conversion function from a time duration to the number of tokens // which could be accumulated during that duration at a rate of limit tokens per second. func (limit Limit) tokensFromDuration(d time.Duration) float64 { return d.Seconds() * float64(limit) }
算法描述:
用戶配置的平均發(fā)送速率為r,則每隔1/r秒一個(gè)令牌被加入到桶中(每秒會有r個(gè)令牌放入桶中),桶中最多可以存放b個(gè)令牌。如果令牌到達(dá)時(shí)令牌桶已經(jīng)滿了,那么這個(gè)令牌會被丟棄;
實(shí)現(xiàn)用戶粒度的限流
雖然在某些情況下使用單個(gè)全局速率限制器非常有用,但另一種常見情況是基于IP地址或API密鑰等標(biāo)識符為每個(gè)用戶實(shí)施速率限制器。我們將使用IP地址作為標(biāo)識符。簡單實(shí)現(xiàn)代碼如下:
package main import ( "net/http" "sync" "time" "golang.org/x/time/rate" ) // Create a custom visitor struct which holds the rate limiter for each // visitor and the last time that the visitor was seen. type visitor struct { limiter *rate.Limiter lastSeen time.Time } // Change the the map to hold values of the type visitor. var visitors = make(map[string]*visitor) var mtx sync.Mutex // Run a background goroutine to remove old entries from the visitors map. func init() { go cleanupVisitors() } func addVisitor(ip string) *rate.Limiter { limiter := rate.NewLimiter(2, 5) mtx.Lock() // Include the current time when creating a new visitor. visitors[ip] = &visitor{limiter, time.Now()} mtx.Unlock() return limiter } func getVisitor(ip string) *rate.Limiter { mtx.Lock() v, exists := visitors[ip] if !exists { mtx.Unlock() return addVisitor(ip) } // Update the last seen time for the visitor. v.lastSeen = time.Now() mtx.Unlock() return v.limiter } // Every minute check the map for visitors that haven't been seen for // more than 3 minutes and delete the entries. func cleanupVisitors() { for { time.Sleep(time.Minute) mtx.Lock() for ip, v := range visitors { if time.Now().Sub(v.lastSeen) > 3*time.Minute { delete(visitors, ip) } } mtx.Unlock() } } func limit(next http.Handler) http.Handler { return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { limiter := getVisitor(r.RemoteAddr) if limiter.Allow() == false { http.Error(w, http.StatusText(429), http.StatusTooManyRequests) return } next.ServeHTTP(w, r) }) }
當(dāng)然這只是一個(gè)簡單的實(shí)現(xiàn)方案,如果我們要在微服務(wù)的API-GateWay中去實(shí)現(xiàn)限流還是要考慮很多東西的。建議大家可以看看 https://github.com/didip/tollbooth 的源碼。
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