Selenium2.0
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http://code.google.com/p/selenium/downloads/list
官方UserGuide:http://seleniumhq.org/docs/
我們常用的瀏覽器有firefox和IE兩種,firefox是selenium支持得比較成熟的瀏覽器。但是做頁面的測(cè)試,速度通常很慢,嚴(yán)重影響持續(xù)集成的速度,這個(gè)時(shí)候建議使用HtmlUnit,不過HtmlUnitDirver運(yùn)行時(shí)是看不到界面的,對(duì)調(diào)試就不方便了。使用哪種瀏覽器,可以做成配置項(xiàng),根據(jù)需要靈活配置。
打開firefox瀏覽器:
//Create a newinstance of the Firefox driver
WebDriver driver = newFirefoxDriver();
打開IE瀏覽器
//Create a newinstance of the Internet Explorer driver
WebDriver driver = newInternetExplorerDriver ();
打開HtmlUnit瀏覽器
//Createa new instance of the Internet Explorer driver
WebDriverdriver = new HtmlUnitDriver();
對(duì)頁面對(duì)測(cè)試,首先要打開被測(cè)試頁面的地址(如:http://www.google.com),web driver提供的get方法可以打開一個(gè)頁面:
// And now use thedriver to visit Google
driver.get("http://www.google.com");
package org.openqa.selenium.example;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
importorg.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
importorg.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedCondition;
importorg.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
public class Selenium2Example {
public staticvoidmain(String[] args) {
// Create a newinstance of the Firefox driver
// Notice that theremainder of the code relies on the interface,
// not the implementation.
WebDriver driver = newFirefoxDriver();
// And now use this tovisit Google
driver.get("http://www.google.com");
// Alternatively thesame thing can be done like this
// driver.navigate().to("http://www.google.com");
// Find the text inputelement by its name
WebElement element =driver.findElement(By.name("q"));
// Enter something tosearch for
element.sendKeys("Cheese!");
// Now submit the form.WebDriver will find the form for us from the element
element.submit();
// Check the title ofthe page
System.out.println("Pagetitle is: " + driver.getTitle());
// Google's search isrendered dynamically with JavaScript.
// Wait for the pageto load, timeout after 10 seconds
(newWebDriverWait(driver, 10)).until(new ExpectedCondition
public Booleanapply(WebDriver d) {
returnd.getTitle().toLowerCase().startsWith("cheese!");
}
});
// Should see:"cheese! - Google Search"
System.out.println("Pagetitle is: " + driver.getTitle());
//Close the browser
driver.quit();
}
}
優(yōu)點(diǎn):HtmlUnitDriver不會(huì)實(shí)際打開瀏覽器,運(yùn)行速度很快。對(duì)于用FireFox等瀏覽器來做測(cè)試的自動(dòng)化測(cè)試用例,運(yùn)行速度通常很慢,HtmlUnit Driver無疑是可以很好地解決這個(gè)問題。
缺點(diǎn):它對(duì)JavaScript的支持不夠好,當(dāng)頁面上有復(fù)雜JavaScript時(shí),經(jīng)常會(huì)捕獲不到頁面元素。
使用:
WebDriver driver = new HtmlUnitDriver();
優(yōu)點(diǎn):FireFoxDirver對(duì)頁面的自動(dòng)化測(cè)試支持得比較好,很直觀地模擬頁面的操作,對(duì)JavaScript的支持也非常完善,基本上頁面上做的所有操作FireFox Driver都可以模擬。
缺點(diǎn):?jiǎn)?dòng)很慢,運(yùn)行也比較慢,不過,啟動(dòng)之后Webdriver的操作速度雖然不快但還是可以接受的,建議不要頻繁啟停FireFox Driver。
使用:
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
Firefox profile的屬性值是可以改變的,比如我們平時(shí)使用得非常頻繁的改變useragent的功能,可以這樣修改:
FirefoxProfile profile = newFirefoxProfile();
profile.setPreference("general.useragent.override", "someUAstring");
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(profile);
優(yōu)點(diǎn):直觀地模擬用戶的實(shí)際操作,對(duì)JavaScript提供完善的支持。
缺點(diǎn):是所有瀏覽器中運(yùn)行速度最慢的,并且只能在Windows下運(yùn)行,對(duì)CSS以及XPATH的支持也不夠好。
使用:
WebDriver driver = newInternetExplorerDriver();
Webdriver的findElement方法可以用來找到頁面的某個(gè)元素,最常用的方法是用id和name查找。下面介紹幾種比較常用的方法。
假設(shè)頁面寫成這樣:
那么可以這樣找到頁面的元素:
通過id查找:
WebElement element =driver.findElement(By.id("passwd-id"));
或通過name查找:
WebElement element =driver.findElement(By.name("passwd"));
或通過xpath查找:
WebElement element=driver.findElement(By.xpath("http://input[@id='passwd-id']"));
假設(shè)頁面寫成這樣:
可以通過這樣查找頁面元素:
List
假設(shè)頁面元素寫成這樣:
那么可以通過這樣查找:
WebElement cheese=driver.findElement(By.linkText("cheese"));
找到頁面元素后,怎樣對(duì)頁面進(jìn)行操作呢?我們可以根據(jù)不同的類型的元素來進(jìn)行一一說明。
找到輸入框元素:
WebElement element =driver.findElement(By.id("passwd-id"));
在輸入框中輸入內(nèi)容:
element.sendKeys(“test”);
將輸入框清空:
element.clear();
獲取輸入框的文本內(nèi)容:
element.getText();
找到下拉選擇框的元素:
Select select = newSelect(driver.findElement(By.id("select")));
選擇對(duì)應(yīng)的選擇項(xiàng):
select.selectByVisibleText(“mediaAgencyA”);
或
select.selectByValue(“MA_ID_001”);
不選擇對(duì)應(yīng)的選擇項(xiàng):
select.deselectAll();
select.deselectByValue(“MA_ID_001”);
select.deselectByVisibleText(“mediaAgencyA”);
或者獲取選擇項(xiàng)的值:
select.getAllSelectedOptions();
select.getFirstSelectedOption();
找到單選框元素:
WebElement bookMode=driver.findElement(By.id("BookMode"));
選擇某個(gè)單選項(xiàng):
bookMode.click();
清空某個(gè)單選項(xiàng):
bookMode.clear();
判斷某個(gè)單選項(xiàng)是否已經(jīng)被選擇:
bookMode.isSelected();
多選項(xiàng)的操作和單選的差不多:
WebElement checkbox=driver.findElement(By.id("myCheckbox."));
checkbox.click();
checkbox.clear();
checkbox.isSelected();
checkbox.isEnabled();
找到按鈕元素:
WebElement saveButton =driver.findElement(By.id("save"));
點(diǎn)擊按鈕:
saveButton.click();
判斷按鈕是否enable:
saveButton.isEnabled ();
也就是左邊是可供選擇項(xiàng),選擇后移動(dòng)到右邊的框中,反之亦然。例如:
Select(driver.findElement(By.id("languages")));
lang.selectByVisibleText(“English”);
WebElement addLanguage=driver.findElement(By.id("addButton"));
addLanguage.click();
Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
alert.accept();
alert.dismiss();
alert.getText();
Form中的元素的操作和其它的元素操作一樣,對(duì)元素操作完成后對(duì)表單的提交可以:
WebElement approve =driver.findElement(By.id("approve"));
approve.click();
或
approve.submit();//只適合于表單的提交
上傳文件的元素操作:
WebElement adFileUpload =driver.findElement(By.id("WAP-upload"));
String filePath ="C:\test\\uploadfile\\media_ads\\test.jpg";
adFileUpload.sendKeys(filePath);
一般來說,登錄后建議是先:
driver.switchTo().defaultContent();
切換到某個(gè)frame:
driver.switchTo().frame("leftFrame");
從一個(gè)frame切換到另一個(gè)frame:
driver.switchTo().frame("mainFrame");
切換到某個(gè)window:
driver.switchTo().window("windowName");
WebElement element=driver.findElement(By.name("source"));
WebElement target =driver.findElement(By.name("target"));
(new Actions(driver)).dragAndDrop(element,target).perform();
打開一個(gè)新的頁面:
driver.navigate().to("http://www.example.com");
通過歷史導(dǎo)航返回原頁面:
driver.navigate().forward();
driver.navigate().back();
User Agent的設(shè)置是平時(shí)使用得比較多的操作:
FirefoxProfile profile = newFirefoxProfile();
profile.addAdditionalPreference("general.useragent.override","someUA string");
WebDriver driver = newFirefoxDriver(profile);
我們經(jīng)常要對(duì)的值進(jìn)行讀取和設(shè)置。
增加cookie:
// Now set the cookie. This one's valid forthe entire domain
Cookie cookie = new Cookie("key","value");
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie);
獲取cookie的值:
// And now output all the available cookiesfor the current URL
Set
for (Cookie loadedCookie : allCookies) {
System.out.println(String.format("%s-> %s",loadedCookie.getName(), loadedCookie.getValue()));
}
根據(jù)某個(gè)cookie的name獲取cookie的值:
driver.manage().getCookieNamed("mmsid");
刪除cookie:
// You can delete cookies in 3 ways
// By name
driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("CookieName");
// By Cookie
driver.manage().deleteCookie(loadedCookie);
// Or all of them
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();
Web driver對(duì)Java Script的調(diào)用是通過JavascriptExecutor來實(shí)現(xiàn)的,例如:
JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;
js.executeScript("(function(){inventoryGridMgr.setTableFieldValue('"+inventoryId + "','" + fieldName + "','"
+ value + "');})()");
如果用webdriver截圖是:
driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.save_screenshot("C:\error.jpg")
因?yàn)長(zhǎng)oad頁面需要一段時(shí)間,如果頁面還沒加載完就查找元素,必然是查找不到的。最好的方式,就是設(shè)置一個(gè)默認(rèn)等待時(shí)間,在查找頁面元素的時(shí)候如果找不到就等待一段時(shí)間再找,直到超時(shí)。
Webdriver提供兩種方法,一種是顯性等待,另一種是隱性等待。
顯性等待:
WebDriver driver =new FirefoxDriver();
driver.get("http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading");
WebElement myDynamicElement = (newWebDriverWait(driver, 10))
.until(new ExpectedCondition
@Override
public WebElement apply(WebDriver d){
returnd.findElement(By.id("myDynamicElement"));
}});
隱性等待:
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10,TimeUnit.SECONDS);
driver.get("http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading");
WebElement myDynamicElement=driver.findElement(By.id("myDynamicElement"));
當(dāng)本機(jī)上沒有瀏覽器,需要遠(yuǎn)程調(diào)用瀏覽器進(jìn)行自動(dòng)化測(cè)試時(shí),需要用到RemoteWebDirver.
import java.io.File;
import java.net.URL;
import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;
import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.Augmenter;
importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;
importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;
public class Testing {
public voidmyTest()throws Exception {
WebDriver driver = newRemoteWebDriver(
newURL("http://localhost:4446/wd/hub"),
DesiredCapabilities.firefox());
driver.get("http://www.google.com");
// RemoteWebDriverdoes not implement the TakesScreenshot class
// if the driver doeshave the Capabilities to take a screenshot
// then Augmenter willadd the TakesScreenshot methods to the instance
WebDriveraugmentedDriver = new Augmenter().augment(driver);
File screenshot =((TakesScreenshot)augmentedDriver).
getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
}
}
在使用RemoteDriver時(shí),必須在遠(yuǎn)程服務(wù)器啟動(dòng)一個(gè)SeleniumServer:
java -jar selenium-server-standalone-2.20.0.jar-port 4446
profile = new FirefoxProfile();
profile.setPreference("general.useragent.override",testData.getUserAgent());
capabilities =DesiredCapabilities.firefox();
capabilities.setCapability("firefox_profile",profile);
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL(“http://localhost:4446/wd/hub”),capabilities);
driverWait = newWebDriverWait(driver,TestConstant.WAIT_ELEMENT_TO_LOAD);
driver.get("http://www.google.com");
WebDriver對(duì)頁面的操作,需要找到一個(gè)WebElement,然后再對(duì)其進(jìn)行操作,比較繁瑣:
// Find the text inputelement by itsname
WebElement element =driver.findElement(By.name("q"));
// Enter something to search for
element.sendKeys("Cheese!");
我們可以考慮對(duì)這些基本的操作進(jìn)行一個(gè)封裝,簡(jiǎn)化操作。比如,封裝代碼:
protected voidsendKeys(By by, String value){
driver.findElement(by).sendKeys(value);
}
那么,在測(cè)試用例可以這樣簡(jiǎn)化調(diào)用:
sendKeys(By.name("q"),”Cheese!”);
看,這就簡(jiǎn)潔多了。
類似的封裝還有:
package com.drutt.mm.end2end.actions;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;
importorg.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
importcom.drutt.mm.end2end.data.TestConstant;
public class WebDriverAction {
//protected WebDriverdriver;
protectedRemoteWebDriverdriver;
protectedWebDriverWaitdriverWait;
protected boolean isWebElementExist(Byselector) {
try {
driver.findElement(selector);
return true;
} catch(NoSuchElementException e) {
return false;
}
}
protectedStringgetWebText(By by) {
try {
return driver.findElement(by).getText();
} catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
return "Textnot existed!";
}
}
protectedvoidclickElementContainingText(By by, String text){
List
for(WebElement e:elementList){
if(e.getText().contains(text)){
e.click();
break;
}
}
}
protectedStringgetLinkUrlContainingText(By by, String text){
List
String url = null;
for(WebElement e:subscribeButton){
if(e.getText().contains(text)){
url =e.getAttribute("href");
break;
}
}
return url;
}
protected voidclick(Byby){
driver.findElement(by).click();
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(TestConstant.WAIT_ELEMENT_TO_LOAD,TimeUnit.SECONDS);
}
protectedStringgetLinkUrl(By by){
return driver.findElement(by).getAttribute("href");
}
protected voidsendKeys(Byby, String value){
driver.findElement(by).sendKeys(value);
}
Selenium2.0中使用WeDriver API對(duì)頁面進(jìn)行操作,它最大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是不需要安裝一個(gè)selenium server就可以運(yùn)行,但是對(duì)頁面進(jìn)行操作不如selenium1.0的Selenium RC API那么方便。Selenium2.0提供了使用Selenium RC API的方法:
// You may use any WebDriverimplementation. Firefox is used hereas an example
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
// A "base url", used by seleniumto resolve relativeURLs
String baseUrl="http://www.google.com";
// Create the Selenium implementation
Selenium selenium = newWebDriverBackedSelenium(driver, baseUrl);
// Perform actions with selenium
selenium.open("http://www.google.com");
selenium.type("name=q","cheese");
selenium.click("name=btnG");
// Get the underlying WebDriverimplementation back. This willrefer to the
// same WebDriver instance as the"driver" variableabove.
WebDriver driverInstance =((WebDriverBackedSelenium)selenium).getUnderlyingWebDriver();
//Finally, closethebrowser. Call stop on the WebDriverBackedSelenium instance
//instead ofcallingdriver.quit(). Otherwise, the JVM will continue running after
//the browser hasbeenclosed.
selenium.stop();
我分別使用WebDriverAPI和SeleniumRCAPI寫了一個(gè)Login的腳本,很明顯,后者的操作更加簡(jiǎn)單明了。
WebDriver API寫的Login腳本:
public void login() {
driver.switchTo().defaultContent();
driver.switchTo().frame("mainFrame");
WebElement eUsername= waitFindElement(By.id("username"));
eUsername.sendKeys(manager@ericsson.com);
WebElement ePassword= waitFindElement(By.id("password"));
ePassword.sendKeys(manager);
WebElementeLoginButton = waitFindElement(By.id("loginButton"));
eLoginButton.click();
}
SeleniumRC API寫的Login腳本:
public void login() {
selenium.selectFrame("relative=top");
selenium.selectFrame("mainFrame");
selenium.type("username","manager@ericsson.com");
selenium.type("password","manager");
selenium.click("loginButton");
}