2004年，已經(jīng)被山東大學的王小云教授破解了。
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以下是她在國際密碼學會上發(fā)表的破解原理論文。
Collisions for Hash Functions
Collisions for Hash Functions
MD4, MD5, HAVAL-128 and RIPEMD
Xiaoyun Wang1, Dengguo Feng2, Xuejia Lai3, Hongbo Yu1
The School of Mathematics and System Science, Shandong University, Jinan250100, China1
Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100080, China2
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China3
xywang@sdu.edu.cn1
revised on August 17, 2004
1 Collisions for MD5
MD5 is the hash function designed by Ron Rivest [9] as a strengthened version of MD4 [8]. In 1993 Bert den
Boer and Antoon Bosselaers [1] found pseudo-collision for MD5 which is made of the same message with two
different sets of initial value. H. Dobbertin[3] found a free-start collision which consists of two different 512-bit
messages with a chosen initial value 0 V I .
ED BA x C B F x C B AC x A V I 763 4 0 D , 97 62 5 0 , 341042 3 0x B , 2375 12 0 : 0 0 0 0 0
Our attack can find many real collisions which are composed of two 1024-bit messages with the original
initial value 0 IV of MD5:
10325476 0 , 98 0 , 89 0 67452301 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 x D badcfe x C xefcdab ,B x A IV
) 0 , 2 ,..., 2 ,..., 2 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ( , 31 15 31
1 1 C C M M
) 0 , 2 ,..., 2 ,..., 2 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ( , 31 15 31
2 2 C C N N i i
(non-zeros at position 4,11 and 14)
such that
) , ( 5 ) , ( 5 i i N M MD N M MD .
On IBM P690, it takes about one hour to find such M and M , after that, it takes only 15 seconds to 5
minutes to find i N and i N , so that ) , ( i N M and ) , ( i N M will produce the same hash same value. Moreover,
our attack works for any given initial value.
The following are two pairs of 1024-bit messages producing collisions, the two examples have the same 1-st
half 512 bits.
M
2dd31d1 c4eee6c5 69a3d69 5cf9af98 87b5ca2f ab7e4612 3e580440 897ffbb8
634ad55 2b3f409 8388e483 5a417125 e8255108 9fc9cdf7 f2bd1dd9 5b3c3780
X1
N1
d11d0b96 9c7b41dc f497d8e4 d555655a c79a7335 cfdebf0 66f12930 8fb109d1
797f2775 eb5cd530 baade822 5c15cc79 ddcb74ed 6dd3c55f d80a9bb1 e3a7cc35
M0
2dd31d1 c4eee6c5 69a3d69 5cf9af98 7b5ca2f ab7e4612 3e580440 897ffbb8
634ad55 2b3f409 8388e483 5a41f125 e8255108 9fc9cdf7 72bd1dd9 5b3c3780
X1
N1
d11d0b96 9c7b41dc f497d8e4 d555655a 479a7335 cfdebf0 66f12930 8fb109d1
797f2775 eb5cd530 baade822 5c154c79 ddcb74ed 6dd3c55f 580a9bb1 e3a7cc35
H 9603161f f41fc7ef 9f65ffbc a30f9dbf
M
2dd31d1 c4eee6c5 69a3d69 5cf9af98 87b5ca2f ab7e4612 3e580440 897ffbb8
634ad55 2b3f409 8388e483 5a417125 e8255108 9fc9cdf7 f2bd1dd9 5b3c3780
X2
N2
313e82d8 5b8f3456 d4ac6dae c619c936 b4e253dd fd03da87 6633902 a0cd48d2
42339fe9 e87e570f 70b654ce 1e0da880 bc2198c6 9383a8b6 2b65f996 702af76f
M0
2dd31d1 c4eee6c5 69a3d69 5cf9af98 7b5ca2f ab7e4612 3e580440 897ffbb8
634ad55 2b3f409 8388e483 5a41f125 e8255108 9fc9cdf7 72bd1dd9 5b3c3780
313e82d8 5b8f3456 d4ac6dae c619c936 34e253dd fd03da87 6633902 a0cd48d2
42339fe9 e87e570f 70b654ce 1e0d2880 bc2198c6 9383a8b6 ab65f996 702af76f
H 8d5e7019 6324c015 715d6b58 61804e08
Table 1 Two pairs of collisions for MD5
2 Collisions for HAVAL-128
HAVAL is proposed in [10]. HAVAL is a hashing algorithm that can compress messages of any length in 3,4
or 5 passes and produce a fingerprint of length 128, 160, 192 or 224 bits.
Attack on a reduced version for HAVAL was given by P. R. Kasselman and W T Penzhorn [7], which
consists of last rounds for HAVAL-128. We break the full HAVAL-128 with only about the 26 HAVAL
computations. Here we give two examples of collisions of HAVAL-128, where
) 0 ,..., 0 , 2 ,.... 2 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 2 ( , 8 12 1 i i i C C M M
with non-zeros at position 0,11,18, and 31 ,... 2 , 1 , 0 i , such that ) ( ) ( M HAVAL M HAVAL .
M1
6377448b d9e59f18 f2aa3cbb d6cb92ba ee544a44 879fa576 1ca34633 76ca5d4f
a67a8a42 8d3adc8b b6e3d814 5630998d 86ea5dcd a739ae7b 54fd8e32 acbb2b36
38183c9a b67a9289 c47299b2 27039ee5 dd555e14 839018d8 aabbd9c9 d78fc632
fff4b3a7 40000096 7f466aac fffffbc0 5f4016d2 5f4016d0 12e2b0 f4307f87
M1
6377488b d9e59f18 f2aa3cbb d6cb92ba ee544a44 879fa576 1ca34633 76ca5d4f
a67a8a42 8d3adc8b b6e3d814 d630998d 86ea5dcd a739ae7b 54fd8e32 acbb2b36
38183c9a b67a9289 c47299ba 27039ee5 dd555e14 839018d8 aabbd9c9 d78fc632
fff4b3a7 40000096 7f466aac fffffbc0 5f4016d2 5f4016d0 12e2b0 f4307f87
H 95b5621c ca62817a a48dacd8 6d2b54bf
M2
6377448b d9e59f18 f2aa3cbb d6cb92ba ee544a44 879fa576 1ca34633 76ca5d4f
a67a8a42 8d3adc8b b6e3d814 5630998d 86ea5dcd a739ae7b 54fd8e32 acbb2b36
38183c9a b67a9289 c47299b2 27039ee5 dd555e14 839018d8 aabbd9c9 d78fc632
fff4b3a7 40000096 7f466aac fffffbc0 5f4016d2 5f4016d0 12e2b0 f5b16963
6377488b d9e59f18 f2aa3cbb d6cb92ba ee544a44 879fa576 1ca34633 76ca5d4f
a67a8a42 8d3adc8b b6e3d814 d630998d 86ea5dcd a739ae7b 54fd8e32 acbb2b36
38183c9a b67a9289 c47299ba 27039ee5 dd555e14 839018d8 aabbd9c9 d78fc632
fff4b3a7 40000096 7f466aac fffffbc0 5f4016d2 5f4016d0 12e2b0 f5b16963
H b0e99492 d64eb647 5149ef30 4293733c
Table 2 Two pairs of collision, where i=11 and these two examples differ only at the last word
3 Collisions for MD4
MD4 is designed by R. L. Rivest[8] . Attack of H. Dobbertin in Eurocrypto'96[2] can find collision with
probability 1/222. Our attack can find collision with hand calculation, such that
) 0 , 0 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 2 2 , 2 , 0 ( , 16 31 28 31 C C M M
and ) ( 4 ) ( 4 M MD M MD .
M1
4d7a9c83 56cb927a b9d5a578 57a7a5ee de748a3c dcc366b3 b683a020 3b2a5d9f
c69d71b3 f9e99198 d79f805e a63bb2e8 45dd8e31 97e31fe5 2794bf08 b9e8c3e9
M1
4d7a9c83 d6cb927a 29d5a578 57a7a5ee de748a3c dcc366b3 b683a020 3b2a5d9f
c69d71b3 f9e99198 d79f805e a63bb2e8 45dc8e31 97e31fe5 2794bf08 b9e8c3e9
H 5f5c1a0d 71b36046 1b5435da 9b0d807a
M2
4d7a9c83 56cb927a b9d5a578 57a7a5ee de748a3c dcc366b3 b683a020 3b2a5d9f
c69d71b3 f9e99198 d79f805e a63bb2e8 45dd8e31 97e31fe5 f713c240 a7b8cf69
4d7a9c83 d6cb927a 29d5a578 57a7a5ee de748a3c dcc366b3 b683a020 3b2a5d9f
c69d71b3 f9e99198 d79f805e a63bb2e8 45dc8e31 97e31fe5 f713c240 a7b8cf69
H e0f76122 c429c56c ebb5e256 b809793
Table 3 Two pairs of collisions for MD4
4 Collisions for RIPEMD
RIPEMD was developed for the RIPE project (RACE Integrrity Primitives Evalustion, 1988-1992). In
1995, H. Dobbertin proved that the reduced version RIPEMD with two rounds is not collision-free[4]. We show
that the full RIPEMD also isnOt collision-free. The following are two pairs of collisions for RIPEMD:
) 2 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 2 2 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 0 , 0 ( , 31 31 18 20 ' C C M M i i
M1
579faf8e 9ecf579 574a6aba 78413511 a2b410a4 ad2f6c9f b56202c 4d757911
bdeaae7 78bc91f2 47bc6d7d 9abdd1b1 a45d2015 817104ff 264758a8 61064ea5
M1
579faf8e 9ecf579 574a6aba 78513511 a2b410a4 ad2f6c9f b56202c 4d757911
bdeaae7 78bc91f2 c7c06d7d 9abdd1b1 a45d2015 817104ff 264758a8 e1064ea5
H 1fab152 1654a31b 7a33776a 9e968ba7
M2
579faf8e 9ecf579 574a6aba 78413511 a2b410a4 ad2f6c9f b56202c 4d757911
bdeaae7 78bc91f2 47bc6d7d 9abdd1b1 a45d2015 a0a504ff b18d58a8 e70c66b6
579faf8e 9ecf579 574a6aba 78513511 a2b410a4 ad2f6c9f b56202c 4d757911
bdeaae7 78bc91f2 c7c06d7d 9abdd1b1 a45d2015 a0a504ff b18d58a8 670c66b6
H 1f2c159f 569b31a6 dfcaa51a 25665d24
Table 4 The collisions for RIPEMD
5 Remark
Besides the above hash functions we break, there are some other hash functions not having ideal security. For
example, collision of SHA-0 [6] can be found with about 240 computations of SHA-0 algorithms, and a collision
for HAVAL-160 can be found with probability 1/232.
Note that the messages and all other values in this paper are composed of 32-bit words, in each 32-bit word
the most left byte is the most significant byte.
1 B. den Boer, Antoon Bosselaers, Collisions for the Compression Function of MD5, Eurocrypto,93.
2 H. Dobbertin, Cryptanalysis of MD4, Fast Software Encryption, LNCS 1039, D. , Springer-Verlag, 1996.
3 H. Dobbertin, Cryptanalysis of MD5 compress, presented at the rump session of EurocrZpt'96.
4 Hans Dobbertin, RIPEMD with Two-round Compress Function is Not Collision-Free, J. Cryptology 10(1),
1997.
5 H. Dobbertin, A. Bosselaers, B. Preneel, "RIPMEMD-160: A Strengthened Version of RIPMMD," Fast
Software EncrZption, LNCS 1039, D.Gollmann, Ed., Springer-Verlag, 1996, pp. 71-82.
6 FIPS 180-1, Secure hash standard, NIST, US Department of Commerce, Washington D. C., April 1995.
7 P. R. Kasselman, W T Penzhorn , Cryptananlysis od reduced version of HAVAL, Vol. 36, No. 1, Electronic
Letters, 2000.
8 R. L. Rivest, The MD4 Message Digest Algorithm, Request for Comments (RFC)1320, Internet Activities
Board, Internet Privacy Task Force, April 1992.
9 R. L Rivest, The MD5 Message Digest Algorithm, Request for Comments (RFC)1321, Internet Activities
Board, Internet PrivacZ Task Force, April 1992.3RIPEMD-1281
10 Y. Zheng, J. Pieprzyk, J. Seberry, HAVAL--A One-way Hashing Algorithm with Variable Length of Output,
Auscrypto'92.
我建議最好是從基礎(chǔ)入手，而不是一開始就進行可視化編程。雖然如今國內(nèi)絕大多數(shù)pc都是使用的windows，但是畢竟這知識這個世界的冰山一角。扎實的基礎(chǔ)自然會更有用處。編程其實重要的是程序思維，然后是算法和數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)。這些都是超出語言的，就是說不管是學c學java學delphi還是別的什么，這一部分都是一致的。因此培養(yǎng)這部分的知識可以說是一本萬利的事情。初學肯定是通過語言熟悉思想熟悉算法和數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)，到一定的時候就是純粹的思想和算法數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)的學習，便已經(jīng)脫離程序語言了。經(jīng)歷過這些階段，換一種語言不過是重新了解一下描述的方式，就像你了解了中文思維，山東話和四川話的差別就不會太大；了解了拉丁語的思維，整個語系的語言都不過是簡簡單單的記憶工作，應用就好。入門的語言，理論上是怎么方便學哪個，看那個順眼學哪個。當然這里面還是有不同的推薦的。一般來說我比較推薦pascal、c/c++、java。并不是因為這三個東西很通用很有前途，而是它們實在是嚴整而有規(guī)則（c/c++還顯得稍微的寬松了一點），而嚴謹?shù)恼Z法要求和明確的概念區(qū)分是有利于編程思維的形成和算法數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)的學習的。同樣的因為這個理由我不推薦vb，而并不是因為它功能不強大（事實上vb在windows環(huán)境中是相當牛的語言）另外一個建議是，如果學c，不要一開始就用vc。ms提供的很多東西很方便，有很多很簡單的實現(xiàn)方法，但是它們不標準。vc與ansi
c標準是有很大的差距的。首先一個不遵循標準的c/c++程序是不通用的，換個編譯器說不定就不被承認了。所以我非常推崇gcc，理由之一是它完全符合
ansi
c標準，無論它的c還是c++編譯器都很嚴整，功能上一點也不缺乏（有人說gcc不能做圖形界面的程序，這一點完全錯誤，到處都有的qt庫和gtk庫都能做出很好的界面），另外一個理由便是它免費，畢竟稍微大一點的軟件企業(yè)就不會屈從與微軟的編譯器和平臺，而一個免費的c編譯器無疑可以創(chuàng)造更多的利益；就算要轉(zhuǎn)vc，標準的c程序也是幾乎不要作任何改動的。當然，這一切的前提是，你真的很想很好的學編程，做一個這方面的精英。如果只不過是興趣，或者只是想拿一個ms的工程師認證然后在國內(nèi)企業(yè)找份諸如設(shè)計vf、vb程序之類的工作，那完全可以忽略我上面的話，去找個認證培訓班，認認真真聽聽課，好好完成練習，從vb或者vc入手，考好認證是很不會太難的。畢竟現(xiàn)在很多很好的大學里都從來不缺乏計算機的課程，不會缺少算法或者編譯原理的課程，不會沒有計算機科學的研究院，而那里面出來的人一般都具備了很好的基礎(chǔ)知識，會更加容易成為前面所說的精英。
濟南大學的SQL項目現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)做得非常好了整體項目已經(jīng)達到了一定的標準，所以現(xiàn)在可以這邊看一看考察一下。
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