小編給大家分享一下如何使用Node.js的Async Hooks模塊追蹤異步資源,希望大家閱讀完這篇文章之后都有所收獲,下面讓我們一起去探討吧!
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Async Hooks 功能是 Node.js v8.x 版本新增加的一個(gè)核心模塊,它提供了 API 用來追蹤 Node.js 程序中異步資源的聲明周期,可在多個(gè)異步調(diào)用之間共享數(shù)據(jù)
executionAsyncId 和 triggerAsyncId
async hooks 模塊提供了 executionAsyncId() 函數(shù)標(biāo)志當(dāng)前執(zhí)行上下文的異步資源 Id,下文使用 asyncId 表示。還有一個(gè) triggerAsyncId() 函數(shù)來標(biāo)志當(dāng)前執(zhí)行上下文被觸發(fā)的異步資源 Id,也就是當(dāng)前異步資源是由哪個(gè)異步資源創(chuàng)建的。每個(gè)異步資源都會(huì)生成 asyncId,該 id 會(huì)呈遞增的方式生成,且在 Node.js 當(dāng)前實(shí)例里全局唯一。
const asyncHooks = require('async_hooks'); const fs = require('fs'); const asyncId = () => asyncHooks.executionAsyncId(); const triggerAsyncId = () => asyncHooks.triggerAsyncId(); console.log(`Global asyncId: ${asyncHooks.executionAsyncId()}, Global triggerAsyncId: ${triggerAsyncId()}`); fs.open('hello.txt', (err, res) => { console.log(`fs.open asyncId: ${asyncId()}, fs.open triggerAsyncId: ${triggerAsyncId()}`); });
下面是我們運(yùn)行的結(jié)果,全局的 asyncId 為 1,fs.open 回調(diào)里打印的 triggerAsyncId 為 1 由全局觸發(fā)。
Global asyncId: 1, Global triggerAsyncId: 0 fs.open asyncId: 5, fs.open triggerAsyncId: 1
默認(rèn)未開啟的 Promise 執(zhí)行跟蹤
默認(rèn)情況下,由于 V8 提供的 promise introspection API 相對(duì)消耗性能,Promise 的執(zhí)行沒有分配 asyncId。這意味著默認(rèn)情況下,使用了 Promise 或 Async/Await 的程序?qū)⒉荒苷_的執(zhí)行和觸發(fā) Promise 回調(diào)上下文的 ID。即得不到當(dāng)前異步資源 asyncId 也得不到當(dāng)前異步資源是由哪個(gè)異步資源創(chuàng)建的 triggerAsyncId,如下所示:
Promise.resolve().then(() => { // Promise asyncId: 0. Promise triggerAsyncId: 0 console.log(`Promise asyncId: ${asyncId()}. Promise triggerAsyncId: ${triggerAsyncId()}`); })
通過 asyncHooks.createHook 創(chuàng)建一個(gè) hooks 對(duì)象啟用 Promise 異步跟蹤。
const hooks = asyncHooks.createHook({}); hooks.enable(); Promise.resolve().then(() => { // Promise asyncId: 7. Promise triggerAsyncId: 6 console.log(`Promise asyncId: ${asyncId()}. Promise triggerAsyncId: ${triggerAsyncId()}`); })
異步資源的生命周期
asyncHooks 的 createHook() 方法返回一個(gè)用于啟用(enable)和禁用(disable)hooks 的實(shí)例,該方法接收 init/before/after/destory 四個(gè)回調(diào)來標(biāo)志一個(gè)異步資源從初始化、回調(diào)調(diào)用之前、回調(diào)調(diào)用之后、銷毀整個(gè)生命周期過程。
init(初始化)
當(dāng)構(gòu)造一個(gè)可能發(fā)出異步事件的類時(shí)調(diào)用。
async:異步資源唯一 id
type:異步資源類型,對(duì)應(yīng)于資源的構(gòu)造函數(shù)名稱,更多類型參考 async_hooks_type
triggerAsyncId:當(dāng)前異步資源由哪個(gè)異步資源創(chuàng)建的異步資源 id
resource:初始化的異步資源
/** * Called when a class is constructed that has the possibility to emit an asynchronous event. * @param asyncId a unique ID for the async resource * @param type the type of the async resource * @param triggerAsyncId the unique ID of the async resource in whose execution context this async resource was created * @param resource reference to the resource representing the async operation, needs to be released during destroy */ init?(asyncId: number, type: string, triggerAsyncId: number, resource: object): void;
before(回調(diào)函數(shù)調(diào)用前)
當(dāng)啟動(dòng)異步操作(例如 TCP 服務(wù)器接收新鏈接)或完成異步操作(例如將數(shù)據(jù)寫入磁盤)時(shí),系統(tǒng)將調(diào)用回調(diào)來通知用戶,也就是我們寫的業(yè)務(wù)回調(diào)函數(shù)。在這之前會(huì)先觸發(fā) before 回調(diào)。
/** * When an asynchronous operation is initiated or completes a callback is called to notify the user. * The before callback is called just before said callback is executed. * @param asyncId the unique identifier assigned to the resource about to execute the callback. */ before?(asyncId: number): void;
after(回調(diào)函數(shù)調(diào)用后)
當(dāng)回調(diào)處理完成之后觸發(fā) after 回調(diào),如果回調(diào)出現(xiàn)未捕獲異常,則在觸發(fā) uncaughtException 事件或域(domain)處理之后觸發(fā) after 回調(diào)。
/** * Called immediately after the callback specified in before is completed. * @param asyncId the unique identifier assigned to the resource which has executed the callback. */ after?(asyncId: number): void;
destory(銷毀)
當(dāng) asyncId 對(duì)應(yīng)的異步資源被銷毀后調(diào)用 destroy 回調(diào)。一些資源的銷毀依賴于垃圾回收,因此如果對(duì)傳遞給 init 回調(diào)的資源對(duì)象有引用,則有可能永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)調(diào)用 destory 從而導(dǎo)致應(yīng)用程序中出現(xiàn)內(nèi)存泄漏。如果資源不依賴?yán)厥?,這將不會(huì)有問題。
/** * Called after the resource corresponding to asyncId is destroyed * @param asyncId a unique ID for the async resource */ destroy?(asyncId: number): void;
promiseResolve
當(dāng)傳遞給 Promise 構(gòu)造函數(shù)的 resolve() 函數(shù)執(zhí)行時(shí)觸發(fā) promiseResolve 回調(diào)。
/** * Called when a promise has resolve() called. This may not be in the same execution id * as the promise itself. * @param asyncId the unique id for the promise that was resolve()d. */ promiseResolve?(asyncId: number): void;
以下代碼會(huì)觸發(fā)兩次 promiseResolve() 回調(diào),第一次是我們直接調(diào)用的 resolve() 函數(shù),第二次是在 .then() 里雖然我們沒有顯示的調(diào)用,但是它也會(huì)返回一個(gè) Promise 所以還會(huì)被再次調(diào)用。
const hooks = asyncHooks.createHook({ promiseResolve(asyncId) { syncLog('promiseResolve: ', asyncId); } }); new Promise((resolve) => resolve(true)).then((a) => {}); // 輸出結(jié)果 promiseResolve: 2 promiseResolve: 3
注意 init 回調(diào)里寫日志造成 “棧溢出” 問題
一個(gè)異步資源的生命周期中第一個(gè)階段 init 回調(diào)是當(dāng)構(gòu)造一個(gè)可能發(fā)出異步事件的類時(shí)會(huì)調(diào)用,要注意由于使用 console.log() 輸出日志到控制臺(tái)是一個(gè)異步操作,在 AsyncHooks 回調(diào)函數(shù)中使用類似的異步操作將會(huì)再次觸發(fā) init 回調(diào)函數(shù),進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致無限遞歸出現(xiàn) RangeError: Maximum call stack size exceeded 錯(cuò)誤,也就是 “ 棧溢出”。
調(diào)試時(shí),一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的記錄日志的方式是使用 fs.writeFileSync() 以同步的方式寫入日志,這將不會(huì)觸發(fā) AsyncHooks 的 init 回調(diào)函數(shù)。
const syncLog = (...args) => fs.writeFileSync('log.txt', `${util.format(...args)}\n`, { flag: 'a' }); const hooks = asyncHooks.createHook({ init(asyncId, type, triggerAsyncId, resource) { syncLog('init: ', asyncId, type, triggerAsyncId) } }); hooks.enable(); fs.open('hello.txt', (err, res) => { syncLog(`fs.open asyncId: ${asyncId()}, fs.open triggerAsyncId: ${triggerAsyncId()}`); });
輸出以下內(nèi)容,init 回調(diào)只會(huì)被調(diào)用一次,因?yàn)?fs.writeFileSync 是同步的是不會(huì)觸發(fā) hooks 回調(diào)的。
init: 2 FSREQCALLBACK 1 fs.open asyncId: 2, fs.open triggerAsyncId: 1
異步之間共享上下文
Node.js v13.10.0 增加了 async_hooks 模塊的 AsyncLocalStorage 類,可用于在一系列異步調(diào)用中共享數(shù)據(jù)。
如下例所示,asyncLocalStorage.run() 函數(shù)第一個(gè)參數(shù)是存儲(chǔ)我們?cè)诋惒秸{(diào)用中所需要訪問的共享數(shù)據(jù),第二個(gè)參數(shù)是一個(gè)異步函數(shù),我們?cè)? setTimeout() 的回調(diào)函數(shù)里又調(diào)用了 test2 函數(shù),這一系列的異步操作都不影響我們?cè)谛枰牡胤饺カ@取 asyncLocalStorage.run() 函數(shù)中存儲(chǔ)的共享數(shù)據(jù)。
const { AsyncLocalStorage } = require('async_hooks'); const asyncLocalStorage = new AsyncLocalStorage(); asyncLocalStorage.run({ traceId: 1 }, test1); async function test1() { setTimeout(() => test2(), 2000); } async function test2() { console.log(asyncLocalStorage.getStore().traceId); }
AsyncLocalStorage 用途很多,例如在服務(wù)端必不可少的日志分析,一個(gè) HTTP 從請(qǐng)求到響應(yīng)整個(gè)系統(tǒng)交互的日志輸出如果能通過一個(gè) traceId 來關(guān)聯(lián),在分析日志時(shí)也就能夠清晰的看到整個(gè)調(diào)用鏈路。
下面是一個(gè) HTTP 請(qǐng)求的簡(jiǎn)單示例,模擬了異步處理,并且在日志輸出時(shí)去追蹤存儲(chǔ)的 id
const http = require('http'); const { AsyncLocalStorage } = require('async_hooks'); const asyncLocalStorage = new AsyncLocalStorage(); function logWithId(msg) { const id = asyncLocalStorage.getStore(); console.log(`${id !== undefined ? id : '-'}:`, msg); } let idSeq = 0; http.createServer((req, res) => { asyncLocalStorage.run(idSeq++, () => { logWithId('start'); setImmediate(() => { logWithId('processing...'); setTimeout(() => { logWithId('finish'); res.end(); }, 2000) }); }); }).listen(8080);
下面是運(yùn)行結(jié)果,我在第一次調(diào)用之后直接調(diào)用了第二次,可以看到我們存儲(chǔ)的 id 信息與我們的日志一起成功的打印了出來。
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