這篇文章主要講解了“Docker安裝和基礎(chǔ)用法是什么”,文中的講解內(nèi)容簡單清晰,易于學(xué)習(xí)與理解,下面請(qǐng)大家跟著小編的思路慢慢深入,一起來研究和學(xué)習(xí)“Docker安裝和基礎(chǔ)用法是什么”吧!
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1. 安裝
1.1 在 ubuntu 14.04 上安裝 docker
前提要求:
內(nèi)核版本必須是3.10或者以上
依次執(zhí)行下面的步驟:
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install apt-transport-https ca-certificates
sudo apt-key adv --keyserver hkp://p80.pool.sks-keyservers.net:80 --recv-keys 58118e89f3a912897c070adbf76221572c52609d
編輯 /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list 文件,添加 deb ubuntu-trusty main
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get purge lxc-docker
apt-cache policy docker-engine
apt-get upgrade
sudo apt-get install linux-image-extra-$(uname -r) linux-image-extra-virtual
sudo apt-get install docker-engine
至此,安裝過程完成。
運(yùn)行 sudo service docker start 啟動(dòng) docker 守護(hù)進(jìn)程。
運(yùn)行 docker version 查看 docker 版本
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker --version docker version 1.12.1, build 23cf638
啟動(dòng)第一個(gè)容器:
1.啟動(dòng)第一個(gè)docker 容器 docker run hello-world
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker run hello-world
hello from docker!
this message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly.
它的運(yùn)行成功也表明前面的安裝步驟都運(yùn)行正確了。
以上內(nèi)容參考自 docker 官網(wǎng):https://docs.docker.com/engine/installation/linux/ubuntulinux/
1.2 docker 到目前(2016/09/16)為止的版本歷史
版本號(hào) 發(fā)布日期 發(fā)布經(jīng)理
docker 1.12.1 08/18/2016
docker 1.12.0 07/28/2016
docker 1.11.0 04/12/2016 @mlaventure
docker 1.10.0 02/04/2016 @thajeztah
docker 1.9.0 10/29/2015 @tiborvass
docker 1.8.0 08/11/2015 @calavera
2. docker 的基本操作
2.1 docker 容器的狀態(tài)機(jī)
一個(gè)容器在某個(gè)時(shí)刻可能處于以下幾種狀態(tài)之一:
created:已經(jīng)被創(chuàng)建 (使用 docker ps -a 命令可以列出)但是還沒有被啟動(dòng) (使用 docker ps 命令還無法列出)
running:運(yùn)行中
paused:容器的進(jìn)程被暫停了
restarting:容器的進(jìn)程正在重啟過程中
exited:上圖中的 stopped 狀態(tài),表示容器之前運(yùn)行過但是現(xiàn)在處于停止?fàn)顟B(tài)(要區(qū)別于 created 狀態(tài),它是指一個(gè)新創(chuàng)出的尚未運(yùn)行過的容器)??梢酝ㄟ^ start 命令使其重新進(jìn)入 running 狀態(tài)
destroyed:容器被刪除了,再也不存在了
你可以在 docker inspect 命令的輸出中查看其詳細(xì)狀態(tài):
"state": { "status": "running", "running": true, "paused": false, "restarting": false, "oomkilled": false, "dead": false, "pid": 4597, "exitcode": 0, "error": "", "startedat": "2016-09-16t08:09:34.53403504z", "finishedat": "2016-09-16t08:06:44.365106765z" }
2.2 docker 命令概述
我們可以把docker 的命令大概地分類如下:
鏡像操作:
build build an image from a dockerfile
commit create a new image from a container's changes
images list images
load load an image from a tar archive or stdin
pull pull an image or a repository from a registry
push push an image or a repository to a registry
rmi remove one or more images
search search the docker hub for images
tag tag an image into a repository
save save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to stdout by default)
history 顯示某鏡像的歷史
inspect 獲取鏡像的詳細(xì)信息
容器及其中應(yīng)用的生命周期操作:
create create a new container (創(chuàng)建一個(gè)容器)
kill kill one or more running containers
inspect return low-level information on a container, image or task
pause pause all processes within one or more containers
ps list containers
rm remove one or more containers (刪除一個(gè)或者多個(gè)容器)
rename rename a container
restart restart a container
run run a command in a new container (創(chuàng)建并啟動(dòng)一個(gè)容器)
start start one or more stopped containers (啟動(dòng)一個(gè)處于停止?fàn)顟B(tài)的容器)
stats display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statistics (顯示容器實(shí)時(shí)的資源消耗信息)
stop stop one or more running containers (停止一個(gè)處于運(yùn)行狀態(tài)的容器)
top display the running processes of a container
unpause unpause all processes within one or more containers
update update configuration of one or more containers
wait block until a container stops, then print its exit code
attach attach to a running container
exec run a command in a running container
port list port mappings or a specific mapping for the container
logs 獲取容器的日志
容器文件系統(tǒng)操作:
cp copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem
diff inspect changes on a container's filesystem
export export a container's filesystem as a tar archive
import import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image
docker registry 操作:
login log in to a docker registry.
logout log out from a docker registry.
volume 操作
volume manage docker volumes
網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作
network manage docker networks
swarm 相關(guān)操作
swarm manage docker swarm
service manage docker services
node manage docker swarm nodes
系統(tǒng)操作:
version show the docker version information
events get real time events from the server (持續(xù)返回docker 事件)
info display system-wide information (顯示docker 主機(jī)系統(tǒng)范圍內(nèi)的信息)
比較有意思的幾個(gè)命令:
(1)容器從生到死整個(gè)生命周期
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker create --name web31 training/webapp python app.py #創(chuàng)建名字為 web31 的容器 7465f4cb7c49555af32929bd1bc4213f5e72643c0116450e495b71c7ec128502 root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.state.status}}' web31 #其狀態(tài)為 created created root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker start web31 #啟動(dòng)容器 web31 root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.state.status}}' web31 #其狀態(tài)為 running running root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker pause web31 #暫停容器 web31 root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.state.status}}' web31 paused root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker unpause web31 #繼續(xù)容器 web31 root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.state.status}}' web31 running root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker rename web31 newweb31 #重命名 root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.state.status}}' newweb31 running root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker top newweb31 #在容器中運(yùn)行 top 命令 uid pid ppid c stime tty time cmd root 5009 4979 0 16:28 ? 00:00:00 python app.py root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker logs newweb31 #獲取容器的日志 * running on http://0.0.0.0:5000/ (press ctrl+c to quit) root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker stop newweb31 #停止容器 newweb31 root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.state.status}}' newweb31 exited root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker rm newweb31 #刪除容器 newweb31 root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.state.status}}' newweb31 error: no such image, container or task: newweb31
(2) docker stop 和 docker kill
在docker stop 命令執(zhí)行的時(shí)候,會(huì)先向容器中pid為1的進(jìn)程發(fā)送系統(tǒng)信號(hào) sigterm,然后等待容器中的應(yīng)用程序終止執(zhí)行,如果等待時(shí)間達(dá)到設(shè)定的超時(shí)時(shí)間(默認(rèn)為 10秒,用戶可以指定特定超時(shí)時(shí)長),會(huì)繼續(xù)發(fā)送sigkill的系統(tǒng)信號(hào)強(qiáng)行kill掉進(jìn)程。在容器中的應(yīng)用程序,可以選擇忽略和不處理sigterm信號(hào),不過一旦達(dá)到超時(shí)時(shí)間,程序就會(huì)被系統(tǒng)強(qiáng)行kill掉,因?yàn)閟igkill信號(hào)是直接發(fā)往系統(tǒng)內(nèi)核的,應(yīng)用程序沒有機(jī)會(huì)去處理它。
比如運(yùn)行 docker stop web5 -t 20 命令后:
2016-09-16t16:01:18.206540853+08:00 container kill b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (image=training/webapp, name=web5, signal=15) 2016-09-16t16:01:38.212352224+08:00 container kill b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (image=training/webapp, name=web5, signal=9) 2016-09-16t16:01:38.235021315+08:00 container die b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (exitcode=137, image=training/webapp, name=web5)
能看到:
1.首先 docker 向容器發(fā)出 sigterm 信號(hào)(signal=15)
2.等待20秒 (01:18 到 01:38)
3.再發(fā)送 sigkill 系統(tǒng)信號(hào) (signal = 9)
4.然后容器被殺掉了 (die)
而 docker kill 命令會(huì)直接發(fā)出sigkill的系統(tǒng)信號(hào),以強(qiáng)行終止容器中程序的運(yùn)行。運(yùn)行 docker kill web5 命令后:
2016-09-16t16:06:44.351086471+08:00 container kill b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (image=training/webapp, name=web5, signal=9)
2016-09-16t16:06:44.365116100+08:00 container die b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (exitcode=137, image=training/webapp, name=web5)
可見直接發(fā)出的是 sigkill 信號(hào),容器立馬就被殺掉了。
(3)使用 docker cp 在 host 和 container 之間拷貝文件或者目錄
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker cp /home/sammy/mydockerbuild/dockerfile web5:/webapp #從 host 拷貝文件到 container 里面 root@devstack:/home/sammy# root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker cp web5:/webapp/dockerfile /home/sammy/dockerfile #從 container 里面拷貝文件到 host 上 root@devstack:/home/sammy# ls /home/sammy chroot devstack dockerfile MongoDBdocker mydockerbuild webapp
(4)docker export 和 import
docker export:將一個(gè)容器的文件系統(tǒng)打包為一個(gè)壓縮文件
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker export web5 -o ./web5 root@devstack:/home/sammy# ls chroot devstack dockerfile mongodbdocker mydockerbuild web5 webapp
docker import:從一個(gè)壓縮文件創(chuàng)建一個(gè)鏡像
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker import web5 web5img -m "imported on 0916" sha256:745bb258be0a69a517367667646148bb2f662565bb3d222b50c0c22e5274a926 root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker history web5img image created created by size comment 745bb258be0a 6 seconds ago 324 mb imported on 0916
2.3 docker run 命令
docker run 命令會(huì)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)容器并啟動(dòng)它,它也是包含很多的參數(shù),按照用途將它們分類如下:
cgroups 和 namespace 相關(guān):
--blkio-weight value block io (relative weight), between 10 and 1000 --blkio-weight-device value block io weight (relative device weight) (default []) --cgroup-parent string optional parent cgroup for the container --cpu-percent int cpu percent (windows only) --cpu-period int limit cpu cfs (completely fair scheduler) period --cpu-quota int limit cpu cfs (completely fair scheduler) quota -c, --cpu-shares int cpu shares (relative weight) --cpuset-cpus string cpus in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1) --cpuset-mems string mems in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1) --device-read-bps value limit read rate (bytes per second) from a device (default []) --device-read-iops value limit read rate (io per second) from a device (default []) --device-write-bps value limit write rate (bytes per second) to a device (default []) --device-write-iops value limit write rate (io per second) to a device (default []) --ipc string ipc namespace to use -m, --memory string memory limit --memory-reservation string memory soft limit --memory-swap string swap limit equal to memory plus swap: '-1' to enable unlimited swap --memory-swappiness int tune container memory swappiness (0 to 100) (default -1) --kernel-memory string kernel memory limit -u, --user string username or uid (format:[: ]) --userns string user namespace to use --uts string uts namespace to use -h, --hostname string container host name --pid string pid namespace to use --pids-limit int tune container pids limit (set -1 for unlimited) --isolation string container isolation technology --io-maxbandwidth string maximum io bandwidth limit for the system drive (windows only) --io-maxiops uint maximum iops limit for the system drive (windows only)
linux process capabilities 相關(guān)參數(shù):
--cap-add value add linux capabilities (default []) --cap-drop value drop linux capabilities (default [])
容器運(yùn)行模式和環(huán)境相關(guān):
-d, --detach run container in background and print container id -e, --env value set environment variables (default []) --env-file value read in a file of environment variables (default [])
DNS 相關(guān):
--dns value set custom dns servers (default []) --dns-opt value set dns options (default []) --dns-search value set custom dns search domains (default [])
健康檢查相關(guān):
--health-cmd string command to run to check health --health-interval duration time between running the check --health-retries int consecutive failures needed to report unhealthy --health-timeout duration maximum time to allow one check to run --no-healthcheck disable any container-specified healthcheck
ip 和端口:
--ip string container ipv4 address (e.g. 172.30.100.104) --ip6 string container ipv6 address (e.g. 2001:db8::33) -p, --publish value publish a container's port(s) to the host (default []) -p, --publish-all publish all exposed ports to random ports --expose value expose a port or a range of ports (default []) --mac-address string container mac address (e.g. 92:d0:c6:0a:29:33) --add-host value add a custom host-to-ip mapping (host:ip) (default [])
volume 相關(guān):
-v, --volume value bind mount a volume (default []) --volume-driver string optional volume driver for the container --volumes-from value mount volumes from the specified container(s) (default []) --storage-opt value storage driver options for the container (default [])
network 有關(guān):
--network string connect a container to a network (default "default") --network-alias value add network-scoped alias for the container (default []) --link value add link to another container (default []) --link-local-ip value container ipv4/ipv6 link-local addresses (default [])
日志有關(guān):
--log-driver string logging driver for the container --log-opt value log driver options (default [])
交互性有關(guān): -a, --attach value attach to stdin, stdout or stderr (default []) -i, --interactive keep stdin open even if not attached oom 有關(guān): --oom-kill-disable disable oom killer --oom-score-adj int tune host's oom preferences (-1000 to 1000) 其它(待更進(jìn)一步分類): --cidfile string write the container id to the file --detach-keys string override the key sequence for detaching a container --device value add a host device to the container (default []) --disable-content-trust skip image verification (default true) --entrypoint string overwrite the default entrypoint of the image --group-add value add additional groups to join (default []) --help print usage -l, --label value set meta data on a container (default []) --label-file value read in a line delimited file of labels (default []) --name string assign a name to the container --privileged give extended privileges to this container --read-only mount the container's root filesystem as read only --restart string restart policy to apply when a container exits (default "no") --rm automatically remove the container when it exits --runtime string runtime to use for this container --security-opt value security options (default []) --shm-size string size of /dev/shm, default value is 64mb --sig-proxy proxy received signals to the process (default true) --stop-signal string signal to stop a container, sigterm by default (default "sigterm") --sysctl value sysctl options (default map[]) --tmpfs value mount a tmpfs directory (default []) -t, --tty allocate a pseudo-tty --ulimit value ulimit options (default []) -w, --workdir string working directory inside the container
具體的內(nèi)容以后會(huì)有專門文件分析。
3. doker 平臺(tái)的基本構(gòu)成
docker 平臺(tái)基本上由三部分組成:
客戶端:用戶使用 docker 提供的工具(cli 以及 api 等)來構(gòu)建,上傳鏡像并發(fā)布命令來創(chuàng)建和啟動(dòng)容器
docker 主機(jī):從 docker registry 上下載鏡像并啟動(dòng)容器
docker registry:docker 鏡像倉庫,用于保存鏡像,并提供鏡像上傳和下載
感謝各位的閱讀,以上就是“Docker安裝和基礎(chǔ)用法是什么”的內(nèi)容了,經(jīng)過本文的學(xué)習(xí)后,相信大家對(duì)Docker安裝和基礎(chǔ)用法是什么這一問題有了更深刻的體會(huì),具體使用情況還需要大家實(shí)踐驗(yàn)證。這里是創(chuàng)新互聯(lián),小編將為大家推送更多相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)的文章,歡迎關(guān)注!