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Failover

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概述

Failover與我們前面學(xué)習(xí)的HSRP很像,都可以說是提供故障恢復(fù)的功能。

1.Active與Standby

  • 設(shè)備的健康狀況是通過LAN-FO接口來監(jiān)控的(類似于心跳線,也是通過一條線來連接兩個PIX,實現(xiàn)狀態(tài)監(jiān)控、復(fù)制配置、狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)移);

  • 兩個設(shè)備一個被配置為Primary設(shè)備,另一個作為Secondary設(shè)備(Primary和Secondary是一個物理概念);

  • 一個設(shè)備被選為Active(轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)流量),另一個被選為Standby(等待、備份)。兩個狀態(tài)為邏輯概念;

如何成為Active?

當一臺防火墻啟動的時候,就開始了一個選舉的進程(以下都是基于兩臺設(shè)備為健康狀態(tài))

  • 如果檢測多一個正在協(xié)商的設(shè)備處于FO的另一端,此時Primary設(shè)備成為Active狀態(tài)并轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)數(shù)據(jù),Secondary設(shè)備成為Standby狀態(tài),成為備份設(shè)備;

  • 如果檢測到一個Active設(shè)備,自己轉(zhuǎn)換為Standby狀態(tài);

  • 如果在FO的另一端沒有檢測到設(shè)備,自己成為Active狀態(tài);

  • 如果成為Active后,檢測到FO另一端有Active設(shè)備,兩臺設(shè)備重新協(xié)商。

注:Primary、Secondary與Active、Standby的區(qū)分?

  • Primary、Secondary是物理概念,指的是物理設(shè)備本身在Failover中所處的角色;

  • Active、Standby是邏輯概念,指的是設(shè)備的狀態(tài),是否處于轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)的狀態(tài);

  • Active狀態(tài)不一定指的是Primary設(shè)備,也可以是Secondary設(shè)備,Standby狀態(tài)同理。

2.如何切換

正常切換

Active設(shè)備出現(xiàn)故障時,處于Standby的設(shè)備(如果是健康的)將成為Active轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)。

切換發(fā)生時

  • Standby設(shè)備在所有接口上繼承原來Active設(shè)備的屬性(IP和MAC);

  • 但是,F(xiàn)O一臺口上的地址保持不變。

3.管理

  • 只需在Active設(shè)備上進行配置即可;active設(shè)備上的配置都會自動被復(fù)制到Standby設(shè)備上;

  • 通過Standby設(shè)備的standby IP可以對此設(shè)備進行基本的監(jiān)控和管理

4.部署Failover設(shè)備的必要條件

硬件需求

  • 相同硬件型號;

  • 相同數(shù)量和類型的接口;

  • 相同類型的SSM模塊;

  • 相同內(nèi)存。

軟件需求

  • 相同操作模式;

  • 相同主板和子版本。

授權(quán)需求

  • 不必一樣的授權(quán),只需FO授權(quán)即可。

5.部署方式

注:是針對FO接口來說的

無狀態(tài)化FO

  • 僅僅只是普通的硬件冗余而已;

  • 當故障切換發(fā)生時,所有已經(jīng)建立的連接中斷,必須重新連接。

狀態(tài)化FO

  • 提供更加強大的冗余---狀態(tài)會話表項的冗余;

  • 故障切換時,連接依舊保持;用戶不必重新連接;

  • 兩個設(shè)備之間需要提供一個狀態(tài)換鏈路(LAN-FO之外的其他鏈路)

6.接口類型

  • LAN-FO接口:確定每一個設(shè)備的運行狀態(tài)并復(fù)制和同步配置;

  • LAN-FO接口(狀態(tài)化接口):傳遞狀態(tài)信息到Standby設(shè)備,可以是一個獨立接口,也可以和其他接口共享,包括FO接口,但是不推薦,一般為獨立接口。

7.健康監(jiān)控

單元(即設(shè)備)健康監(jiān)控

  • 通過監(jiān)控FO鏈路來確認其他單元的健康狀況;

  • 設(shè)備通過FO接口來交換Hello消息;

  • 當收不到來自與Active設(shè)備的響應(yīng)時,切換發(fā)生。

接口健康監(jiān)控

  • 每個網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口都可以被監(jiān)控;

  • 設(shè)備通過控制接×××換Hello消息

  • 當Active設(shè)備上一個被指定為監(jiān)控的接口出現(xiàn)故障時,切換發(fā)生。

8.部署方針

部署FO接口時,考慮如下的部署方針

  • 可以使用密鑰來保護FO通訊

  • 如果狀態(tài)化鏈路和FO鏈路共享接口,需要使用一個可用的高速率接口,最好不要讓 狀態(tài)化鏈路和普通數(shù)據(jù)接口共享一個物理接口;

  • 調(diào)整FO的各項參數(shù)來實現(xiàn)快速切換

  • 在Active和standby設(shè)備上手動置頂MAC地址,來阻止一些可能阻斷網(wǎng)絡(luò)流量的偶然事件

  • 在所有連接防火墻設(shè)備的交換機接口上,考慮配置快速端口(PortFast)。

注:如果FO接口壞掉,那么Failover將不能實現(xiàn)故障恢復(fù)的功能,F(xiàn)O相當于整個Failover的心臟,具有不可替代的作用。

配置實例

一.實驗?zāi)康?/p>

  • 了解Failover的原理、作用及使用;

  • 掌握Failover的狀態(tài)化和無狀態(tài)化的區(qū)別;

  • 理解并掌握Failover的LAN-FO接口的類型(兩種狀態(tài))及其重要性;

  • 掌握Faiover的配置。

二.實驗拓撲

PIX--failover

如上:通過規(guī)劃、配置,用兩臺PIX實現(xiàn)故障恢復(fù)功能。保證一臺設(shè)備出問題之后另一臺設(shè)備能繼續(xù)工作。其中R1為Inside設(shè)備,R2為Outside設(shè)備

三.實驗步驟

  • 無狀態(tài)化

1.區(qū)域設(shè)備基本配置

-----------------------------------------R1配置-----------------------------------

R1(config)#inter fa0/0

R1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.1.1  255.255.255.0

R1(config-if)#no shut

R1(config-if)#full-duplex

R1(config-if)#exit

R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0  192.168.1.253

<指默認路由到PIX>

-----------------------------------------R2配置-----------------------------------

R2(config)#inter fa0/0

R2(config-if)#ip add 202.100.1.1  255.255.255.0

R2(config-if)#no shut

R2(config-if)#fu

R2(config-if)#full-duplex

R2(config-if)#exit

2.Primary設(shè)備配置

--------------------------------------------接口初始化配置----------------------------------

PIX1(config)# inter e0

PIX1(config-if)# nameif inside

PIX1(config-if)# ip add 192.168.1.253  255.255.255.0 standby 192.168.1.254

<配置主地址和Standby地址>

PIX1(config-if)# no shut

PIX1(config-if)# exit

<內(nèi)部接口配置,默認級別為100>

PIX1(config)# inter e1

PIX1(config-if)# nameif outside

PIX1(config-if)# ip add 202.100.1.253  255.255.255.0 standby 202.100.1.254

PIX1(config-if)# no shut

PIX1(config-if)# exit

<外部接口配置,默認級別為0>

-----------------------------------------------配置FO---------------------

PIX1(config)# inter e2

PIX1(config-if)# no shut

PIX1(config-if)# exit

<啟用接口>

PIX1(config)# failover lan unit primary

<把本設(shè)備指定為Primary設(shè)備>

PIX1(config)# failover lan interface FO  e2

<指定接口E2為FO鏈路,接口名為FO,此配置要敲2遍才能生效>

INFO: Non-failover interface config is  cleared on Ethernet2 and its sub-interfaces

PIX1(config)# failover lan interface FO  e2

PIX1(config)# failover key cisco

<設(shè)置FO之間傳輸?shù)募用苊荑€>

PIX1(config)# failover interface ip FO  172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 standby 172.16.1.2

<設(shè)置FO鏈路兩端的IP地址>

PIX1(config)# failover

<啟用Failover>

Secondary配置

PIX2(config)# inter e2

PIX2(config-if)# no shut

PIX2(config-if)# exit

PIX2(config)# failover lan unit secondary

PIX2(config)# failover lan interface FO  e2

INFO: Non-failover interface config is  cleared on Ethernet2 and its sub-interfaces

PIX2(config)# failover lan interface FO  e2

PIX2(config)# failover key cisco

PIX2(config)# failover interface ip FO  172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 standby 172.16.2

PIX2(config)# failover

配置完成后,兩臺設(shè)備開始協(xié)商選擇Active,并同步配置

State check detected an Active mate

Beginning configuration replication from  mate.

End configuration replication from mate.

<點擊回車完成>

此時,無狀態(tài)的failover已經(jīng)完成。PIX2同步PIX1的配置后,自己主機名也成為PIX1,并復(fù)制所有PIX1的配置到自己。

查看PIX狀態(tài)

---------------------------------------查看PIX1狀態(tài)--------------------

PIX1(config)# show failover

Failover  On

Cable status: N/A - LAN-based failover  enabled

Failover  unit Primary

Failover LAN Interface: FO Ethernet2 (up)

Unit Poll frequency 15 seconds, holdtime  45 seconds

Interface Poll frequency 5 seconds,  holdtime 25 seconds

Interface Policy 1

Monitored Interfaces 2 of 250 maximum

Version: Ours 7.2(2), Mate 7.2(2)

Last Failover at: 06:42:20 UTC Apr 8 2015

        This host: Primary - Active

               Active time: 405 (sec)

                  Interface inside (192.168.1.253): Normal

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.253): Unknown (Waiting)

        Other  host: Secondary - Standby Ready

               Active time: 120 (sec)

                 Interface inside (192.168.1.254): Normal

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.254): Unknown (Waiting)

Stateful Failover Logical Update  Statistics

        Link : Unconfigured.

-------------------------------------------------查看PIX2狀態(tài)---------------------------

PIX1(config)# show failover

Failover  On

Cable status: N/A - LAN-based failover  enabled

Failover  unit Secondary

Failover LAN Interface: FO Ethernet2 (up)

Unit Poll frequency 15 seconds, holdtime  45 seconds

Interface Poll frequency 5 seconds,  holdtime 25 seconds

Interface Policy 1

Monitored Interfaces 2 of 250 maximum

Version: Ours 7.2(2), Mate 7.2(2)

Last Failover at: 06:44:35 UTC Apr 8 2015

        This host: Secondary - Standby Ready

               Active time: 120 (sec)

                  Interface inside (192.168.1.254): Normal

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.254): Unknown (Waiting)

        Other  host: Primary - Active

               Active time: 480 (sec)

                 Interface  inside (192.168.1.253): Normal

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.253): Unknown (Waiting)

Stateful Failover Logical Update  Statistics

        Link : Unconfigured.

<雖然PIX2的主機名變?yōu)榱薖IX1,但是根據(jù)狀態(tài)我們還是能區(qū)分出來的>

驗證無狀態(tài)化連接

用R1telnet連接R2

R2(config)#lin vty 0 4

R2(config-line)#password gyh

R2(config-line)#login

R2(config-line)#exit

R1#telnet 202.100.1.1

Trying 202.100.1.1 ... Open

User Access Verification

Password:

R2>

<連接成功>

--------------------------------------------將R3-SW的fa1/1接口down------------------------------

R3-SW(config)#inter fa1/1

R3-SW(config-if)#shut

R3-SW(config-if)#

*Mar  1 01:20:49.651: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet1/1, changed  state to administratively down

*Mar  1 01:20:50.651: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface  FastEthernet1/1, changed state to down

--------------------------------------------查看R1的telnet連接狀況--------------------------------

R2>

[Connection to 202.100.1.1 closed by  foreign host]

<連接直接中斷>

----------------------------------------------查看PIX狀態(tài)------------------------

PIX1(config)#

        Switching to Standby

PIX1(config)#

        Switching to Active

PIX1(config)# show failover

Failover  On

Cable status: N/A - LAN-based failover  enabled

Failover  unit Primary

Failover LAN Interface: FO Ethernet2 (up)

Unit Poll frequency 15 seconds, holdtime  45 seconds

Interface Poll frequency 5 seconds,  holdtime 25 seconds

Interface Policy 1

Monitored Interfaces 2 of 250 maximum

Version: Ours 7.2(2), Mate 7.2(2)

Last Failover at: 08:05:36 UTC Apr 8 2015

        This  host: Primary - Failed

               Active time: 2595 (sec)

                 Interface inside (192.168.1.254): Failed  (Waiting)

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.254): Normal

        Other host: Secondary - Active

               Active time: 2340 (sec)

                 Interface inside (192.168.1.253): Normal  (Waiting)

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.253): Normal

 

Stateful Failover Logical Update  Statistics

        Link : Unconfigured.

PIX1(config)# show failover

Failover  On

Cable status: N/A - LAN-based failover  enabled

Failover  unit Secondary

Failover LAN Interface: FO Ethernet2 (up)

Unit Poll frequency 15 seconds, holdtime  45 seconds

Interface Poll frequency 5 seconds,  holdtime 25 seconds

Interface Policy 1

Monitored Interfaces 2 of 250 maximum

Version: Ours 7.2(2), Mate 7.2(2)

Last Failover at: 08:07:57 UTC Apr 8 2015

        This host: Secondary - Active

               Active time: 2355 (sec)

                  Interface inside (192.168.1.253): Normal  (Waiting)

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.253): Normal

       Other host: Primary - Failed

               Active time: 2595 (sec)

                  Interface inside (192.168.1.254):  Failed (Waiting)

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.254): Normal

Stateful Failover Logical Update  Statistics

        Link : Unconfigured.

  • 狀態(tài)化

本實驗在無狀態(tài)化實驗的基礎(chǔ)上進行。

恢復(fù)正常的網(wǎng)絡(luò),開啟R3-SW的fa1/1接口

R3-SW(config-if)#inter fa1/1

R3-SW(config-if)#no shut

*Mar  1 01:25:17.023: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface  FastEthernet1/1, changed state to up

手動讓PIX1恢復(fù)為active狀態(tài)

PIX1(config)# failover active

        Switching to Active

PIX1(config)# show failover

Failover  On

Cable status: N/A - LAN-based failover  enabled

Failover  unit Primary

Failover LAN Interface: FO Ethernet2 (up)

Unit Poll frequency 15 seconds, holdtime  45 seconds

Interface Poll frequency 5 seconds,  holdtime 25 seconds

Interface Policy 1

Monitored Interfaces 2 of 250 maximum

Version: Ours 7.2(2), Mate 7.2(2)

Last Failover at: 08:09:10 UTC Apr 8 2015

        This  host: Primary - Active

               Active time: 2595 (sec)

                 Interface inside  (192.168.1.253): Normal (Waiting)

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.253): Normal (Waiting)

       Other host: Secondary - Standby Ready  

               Active time: 2475 (sec)

                  Interface inside (192.168.1.254):  Normal (Waiting)

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.254): Normal (Waiting)

 

Stateful Failover Logical Update  Statistics

        Link : Unconfigured.

設(shè)置LAN-FO(狀態(tài)化)接口

第一種情況:

把LAN-FO接口設(shè)置成stateful接口

PIX1(config)# failover  link FO e2

R1 telnet上R2

R1#telnet 202.100.1.1

Trying 202.100.1.1 ... Open

User Access Verification

Password:

R2>

關(guān)閉R3-SW的fa1/1接口

R3-SW(config-if)#inter fa1/1

R3-SW(config-if)#shut

*Mar  1 01:33:16.495: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet1/1, changed  state to administratively down

*Mar  1 01:33:17.495: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface  FastEthernet1/1, changed state to down

查看設(shè)備的Failover狀態(tài)

PIX1(config)# show failover

Failover  On

Cable status: N/A - LAN-based failover  enabled

Failover  unit Primary

Failover LAN Interface: FO Ethernet2 (up)

Unit Poll frequency 15 seconds, holdtime  45 seconds

Interface Poll frequency 5 seconds,  holdtime 25 seconds

Interface Policy 1

Monitored Interfaces 2 of 250 maximum

Version: Ours 7.2(2), Mate 7.2(2)

Last Failover at: 08:46:42 UTC Apr 8 2015

        This  host: Primary - Failed

               Active time: 75 (sec)

                 Interface inside (192.168.1.254): Failed  (Waiting)

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.254): Normal

        Other host: Secondary - Active

               Active time: 180 (sec)

                 Interface inside (192.168.1.253): Normal  (Waiting)

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.253): Normal

Stateful Failover Logical Update  Statistics

        Link : FO Ethernet2 (up)

        Stateful Obj   xmit      xerr      rcv       rerr

        General        37        0         36        0

        sys cmd        33        0         33        0

       up time        0         0         0         0

        RPC services   0         0         0         0

        TCP conn       2         0         3         0

        UDP conn       0         0         0         0

        ARP tbl        2         0         0         0

        Xlate_Timeout  0         0         0         0

        ××× IKE upd    0         0         0         0

        ××× IPSEC upd  0         0          0         0

        ××× CTCP upd   0         0         0         0

        ××× SDI upd    0         0         0         0

        ××× DHCP upd   0         0         0         0

        Logical Update Queue Information

                       Cur    Max     Total

        Recv Q:        0      1       229

        Xmit Q:        0      2       94

在R1上回車,看連接R2的狀態(tài)是否中斷

R2>

R2>

R2>

R2>

R2>

<連接正常>

注:把stateful與FO接口設(shè)置成一條鏈路是我們不推薦的,所以,盡管這種方法可行,一般不使用。

第二種情況:

另接一條線,設(shè)置成stateful接口(FO鏈路與stateful鏈路分開)

PIX1(config)# inter e3

PIX1(config-if)# no shut

PIX1(config)# failover link stateful e3

<注:使用此命令時,會報ERROR: No change to the stateful interface的錯誤,但是命令依然可以起到作用,可以show run查看。這是模擬器的問題。請繼續(xù)試驗。>

PIX1(config)# failover interface ip  stateful 172.16.10.10 255.255.255.0 standby 172.16.10.11

驗證

R1 telnet上R2

R1#telnet 202.100.1.1

Trying 202.100.1.1 ... Open

User Access Verification

Password:

R2>

關(guān)閉R3-SW的fa1/1接口

R3-SW(config-if)#inter fa1/1

R3-SW(config-if)#shut

*Mar  1 01:33:16.495: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet1/1, changed  state to administratively down

*Mar  1 01:33:17.495: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface  FastEthernet1/1, changed state to down

查看設(shè)備的Failover狀態(tài)

PIX1(config)# show failover

Failover  On

Cable status: N/A - LAN-based failover  enabled

Failover  unit Primary

Failover LAN Interface: FO Ethernet2 (up)

Unit Poll frequency 15 seconds, holdtime  45 seconds

Interface Poll frequency 5 seconds,  holdtime 25 seconds

Interface Policy 1

Monitored Interfaces 2 of 250 maximum

Version: Ours 7.2(2), Mate 7.2(2)

Last Failover at: 08:46:42 UTC Apr 8 2015

        This  host: Primary - Failed

               Active time: 75 (sec)

                 Interface inside (192.168.1.254): Failed  (Waiting)

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.254): Normal

        Other host: Secondary - Active

               Active time: 180 (sec)

                 Interface inside (192.168.1.253): Normal  (Waiting)

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.253): Normal

Stateful Failover Logical Update  Statistics

        Link : FO Ethernet2 (up)

        Stateful Obj   xmit      xerr      rcv       rerr

        General        37        0         36        0

        sys cmd        33        0         33        0

        up time        0         0         0         0

        RPC services   0         0         0         0

        TCP conn       2         0         3          0

        UDP conn       0         0         0         0

        ARP tbl        2         0         0         0

        Xlate_Timeout  0         0         0         0

        ××× IKE upd    0         0         0         0

        ××× IPSEC upd  0         0         0         0

        ××× CTCP upd   0         0         0         0

        ××× SDI upd    0         0         0         0

        ××× DHCP upd   0         0         0         0

        Logical Update Queue Information

                       Cur    Max     Total

        Recv Q:        0      1       229

        Xmit Q:        0      2       94

在R1上回車,看連接R2的狀態(tài)是否中斷

R2>

R2>

R2>

R2>

R2>

<連接正常>

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本文名稱:PIX--failover-創(chuàng)新互聯(lián)
文章鏈接:http://weahome.cn/article/csoeps.html

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