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高可用PXC

1.Percona XtraDB Cluster的搭建

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安裝環(huán)境:

節(jié)點(diǎn)1:A: 192.168.91.18

節(jié)點(diǎn)2:B:192.168.91.20

節(jié)點(diǎn)3:C:192.168.91.21

innodb引擎層實(shí)現(xiàn)的復(fù)制

ABC server_id要不一樣

ABC:

下載軟件:

wget http://www.percona.com/downloads/Percona-XtraDB-Cluster-56/Percona-XtraDB-Cluster-5.6.21-25.8/binary/tarball/Percona-XtraDB-Cluster-5.6.21-rel70.1-25.8.938.Linux.x86_64.tar.gz

安裝依賴包:

yum install -y socat

yum install -y perl-DBD-MySQL.x86_64 perl-IO-Socket-SSL.noarch socat.x86_64 nc

(其中nc是一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的網(wǎng)絡(luò)工具)

 yum install -yhttp://www.percona.com/downloads/percona-release/redhat/0.1-3/percona-release-0.1-3.noarch.rpm

#安裝xtrabackup備份軟件:

yum list |grep percona-xtrabackup

yum install -y percona-xtrabackup.x86_64

#rpm -qa |grep percona

percona-release-0.1-3.noarch

percona-xtrabackup-2.3.7-2.el6.x86_64

ABC:

解壓PXC包:

 tar xf Percona-XtraDB-Cluster-5.6.21-rel70.1-25.8.938.Linux.x86_64.tar.gz

軟鏈接:

ln -s /home/tools/Percona-XtraDB-Cluster-5.6.21-rel70.1-25.8.938.Linux.x86_64 /usr/local/mysql

創(chuàng)建 mysql 的用戶及組

groupadd mysql

useradd –g msyql –s /sbin/nologin –d /usr/local/mysql mysql

創(chuàng)建啟動(dòng)文件:

cp /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server  /etc/init.d/mysqld

創(chuàng)建 mysql 需要的基本目錄

mkdir -p /data/mysql3306/{data,logs,tmp}

chown -R mysql:mysql *

A 配置文件:

vim /etc/my.cnf

#pxc

default_storage_engine=Innodb

#innodb_locks_unsafe_for_binlog=1

innodb_autoinc_lock_mode=2

wsrep_cluster_name=pxc_cluster      #集群名稱

wsrep_cluster_address=gcomm://192.168.91.18,192.168.91.20,192.168.91.21

wsrep_node_address=192.168.91.18

wsrep_provider=/usr/local/mysql/lib/libgalera_smm.so

#wsrep_provider_options="gcache.size = 1G;debug = yes"

wsrep_provider_options="gcache.size = 1G;"

#wsrep_sst_method=rsync

wsrep_sst_method=xtrabackup-v2

wsrep_sst_auth=sst:147258

B配置文件:

#pxc

default_storage_engine=Innodb

#innodb_locks_unsafe_for_binlog=1

innodb_autoinc_lock_mode=2

wsrep_cluster_name=pxc_cluster      

wsrep_cluster_address=gcomm://192.168.91.18,192.168.91.20,192.168.91.21

wsrep_node_address=192.168.91.20

wsrep_provider=/usr/local/mysql/lib/libgalera_smm.so

#wsrep_provider_options="gcache.size = 1G;debug = yes"

wsrep_provider_options="gcache.size = 1G;"

#wsrep_sst_method=rsync

wsrep_sst_method=xtrabackup-v2

wsrep_sst_auth=sst:147258     

C配置文件:

#pxc

default_storage_engine=Innodb

#innodb_locks_unsafe_for_binlog=1

innodb_autoinc_lock_mode=2

wsrep_cluster_name=pxc_cluster      

wsrep_cluster_address=gcomm://192.168.91.18,192.168.91.20,192.168.91.21

wsrep_node_address=192.168.91.21

wsrep_provider=/usr/local/mysql/lib/libgalera_smm.so

#wsrep_provider_options="gcache.size = 1G;debug = yes"

wsrep_provider_options="gcache.size = 1G;"

#wsrep_sst_method=rsync

wsrep_sst_method=xtrabackup-v2

wsrep_sst_auth=sst:147258

ABC:

初始化:

[root@Darren1 mysql]# ./scripts/mysql_install_db

A:

第一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)啟動(dòng):

/etc/init.d/mysql bootstrap-pxc

Bootstrapping PXC (Percona XtraDB Cluster)Starting MySQL (Percona XtraDB Cluster)......... SUCCESS!

>mysql 

delete from mysql.user where user!='root' or host!='localhost';

truncate mysql.db;

drop database test;

grant all on *.* to sst@localhost identified by '147258';     #創(chuàng)建用于xtrabackup的用戶sst,密碼要和my.cnf中對(duì)應(yīng)

flush privileges;

BC:

啟動(dòng)節(jié)點(diǎn)二和節(jié)點(diǎn)三:

/etc/init.d/iptables stop

sed -i 's#SELINUX=enforcing#SELINUX=disabled#g' /etc/selinux/config

[root@Darren2 data]# /etc/init.d/mysqld start

Starting MySQL (Percona XtraDB Cluster).........State transfer in progress, setting sleep higher

... SUCCESS!

 

[root@Darren3 data]# /etc/init.d/mysqld start

 ERROR! MySQL (Percona XtraDB Cluster) is not running, but lock file (/var/lock/subsys/mysql) exists

Starting MySQL (Percona XtraDB Cluster)..................State transfer in progress, setting sleep higher

... SUCCESS!

測(cè)試:

A:

root@localhost [testdb]> create database testdb;

root@localhost [testdb]>create table t1(c1 int auto_increment not null,c2 timestamp,primary key(c1));

root@localhost [testdb]>insert into t1 select 1,now();

root@localhost [testdb]>select * from testdb.t1;

+----+---------------------+

| c1 | c2                  |

+----+---------------------+

|  1 | 2017-03-06 12:29:56 |

+----+---------------------+

B:

root@localhost [testdb]>select * from testdb.t1;

+----+---------------------+

| c1 | c2                  |

+----+---------------------+

|  1 | 2017-03-06 12:29:56 |

+----+---------------------+

C:

root@localhost [testdb]>select * from testdb.t1;

+----+---------------------+

| c1 | c2                  |

+----+---------------------+

|  1 | 2017-03-06 12:29:56 |

+----+---------------------+

關(guān)閉方式:

關(guān)閉:/etc/init.d/mysql stop

全部節(jié)點(diǎn)關(guān)閉后重啟:

第一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)啟動(dòng)的節(jié)點(diǎn):/etc/init.d/mysql bootstrap-pxc

其它節(jié)點(diǎn)/etc/init.d/mysql start

SST和IST

State Snapshot Transfer(SST) 全量傳輸

發(fā)生在:新節(jié)點(diǎn)的加入,或者集群中節(jié)點(diǎn)故障(關(guān)閉)時(shí)間過長(zhǎng)

wsrep_sst_method = xtrabackup-v2

這個(gè)參數(shù)有三個(gè)值:

(1)xtrabackup-v2

使用xtrabackup傳輸,需要提前創(chuàng)建用于備份的用戶并制定參數(shù)用戶名和密碼:wsrep_sst_auth=sst:147258

(2)rsync:最快的傳輸方式,不需要指定wsrep_sst_auth參數(shù),拷貝數(shù)據(jù)的時(shí)候read-only(flush table with read lock)

(3)mysqldump:不建議使用,數(shù)據(jù)量大的時(shí)候不行,拷貝數(shù)據(jù)的時(shí)候read-only(flush table with read lock)

Incremental state Transfer(IST) 增量傳輸

發(fā)生在:一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)的改變,把增量的部分拷貝到另幾個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn),通過一個(gè)緩存gcache控制,如果增量大于gcache會(huì)選擇全量傳輸,再有在增量小于等于gcache時(shí)候,才會(huì)選擇增量傳輸。

wsrep_provider_options="gcache.size = 1G"

如果去停止PXC其中的一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)?

當(dāng) wsrep_local_state_comment 的狀態(tài)是 Synced 表示三個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)之間數(shù)據(jù)同步,這樣才能去停止其中一個(gè)的服務(wù),滾動(dòng)重啟;

每個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)能夠離線多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間計(jì)算?

比如說想離線2h,算一下2個(gè)小時(shí)能夠生成多大的binlog,對(duì)應(yīng)的gcache.size就設(shè)置多大。

如一個(gè)比較繁忙的訂單系統(tǒng),5分鐘產(chǎn)生200M的binog,則一個(gè)小時(shí)產(chǎn)生2.4G,兩個(gè)小時(shí)4.8G,那么wsrep_provider_options="gcache.size = 6G",gcache是需要實(shí)際內(nèi)存分配的,也不能設(shè)置太大,否則會(huì)出現(xiàn)oom-kill;

故障恢復(fù)后,加入集群的過程分析:

(1)如果數(shù)據(jù)量不是很大,重新初始化,搞一次SST;

(2)如果數(shù)據(jù)量很大,用rsync傳輸;

PXC的特點(diǎn)及注意事項(xiàng):

(1)PCX每個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)都自動(dòng)配置了自增初始值和步長(zhǎng),跟雙主一樣,這樣是為了防止主鍵沖突;

node1:

auto_increment_offset=1

auto_incremnet_increment=3

node2:

auto_increment_offset=2

auto_incremnet_increment=3

node3:

auto_increment_offset=3

auto_incremnet_increment=3

(2)PCX集群是樂觀控制,事物沖突情況可能發(fā)生在commit階段,當(dāng)多個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)修改同一行數(shù)據(jù),只有其中一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)能夠成功,失敗的節(jié)點(diǎn)將終止,并且返回死鎖錯(cuò)誤代碼:

如:

A:

root@localhost [testdb]>begin;

root@localhost [testdb]>update t1 set c2=now() where c1=3;

B:

root@localhost [testdb]>begin;

root@localhost [testdb]>update t1 set c2=now() where c1=3;

root@localhost [testdb]>commit;

A:

出現(xiàn)報(bào)錯(cuò)deadlock:

root@localhost [testdb]>commit;

ERROR 1213 (40001): Deadlock found when trying to get lock; try restarting transaction

(3)PXC只支持innodb引擎,mysql庫下的表基本上都是myisam表怎么傳輸呢,PXC雖然不支持myisam表,但是支持DCL語句,如create user,drop user,grant,revoke等,可以通過開啟參數(shù)wsrep_replicate_myisam,使pxc支持myisam表,因此當(dāng)PXC出現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)不一致的時(shí)候,首先要查看是否是myisam表;

如:

node1:

root@localhost [testdb]>show create table t2\G

*************************** 1. row ***************************

       Table: t2

Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t2` (

  `c1` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,

  `c2` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,

  PRIMARY KEY (`c1`)

) ENGINE=MyISAM AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8

root@localhost [testdb]>select * from t2;

+----+---------------------+

| c1 | c2                  |

+----+---------------------+

|  2 | 2017-03-08 11:41:31 |

+----+---------------------+

在node2和node3節(jié)點(diǎn)上面都看不到,因?yàn)闆]有傳送過來。

(4)PXC每個(gè)表必須要有主鍵,如果沒有主鍵,可能造成集群中每個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)的data page里的數(shù)據(jù)不一樣,select limit 可能在不同的節(jié)點(diǎn)產(chǎn)生不同的結(jié)果集;

(5)不支持表級(jí)鎖 (lock table),所有的DDL操作都是實(shí)例級(jí)別的鎖,需要用pt-osc工具

如:

例1:

node1:

root@localhost [testdb]>lock table t1 read;

root@localhost [testdb]>insert into t1 select 69,now();

ERROR 1099 (HY000): Table 't1' was locked with a READ lock and can't be updated

node2:節(jié)點(diǎn)2仍然可以插入,說明read lock沒有生效

root@localhost [testdb]>insert into t1 select 69,now(); 

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

Records: 1  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

例2:

node1:

root@localhost [testdb]>lock table t1 write;

root@localhost [testdb]>insert into t1 select 1,now();

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Records: 1  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

root@localhost [testdb]>select * from t1;

+----+---------------------+

| c1 | c2                  |

+----+---------------------+

|  1 | 2017-03-08 14:59:46 |

+----+---------------------+

node2: 節(jié)點(diǎn)二沒有受寫鎖影響,可以讀寫:

root@localhost [testdb]>insert into t1 select 2,now();

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

Records: 1  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

root@localhost [testdb]>select * from t1;

+----+---------------------+

| c1 | c2                  |

+----+---------------------+

|  1 | 2017-03-08 14:59:46 |

|  2 | 2017-03-08 14:59:57 |

+----+---------------------+

(6)不支持XA 事物

(7)query log日志存放在文件中,不能放在表里,即需要指定參數(shù)log_output=file;

(8)整個(gè)集群的性能/吞吐量由性能最差的節(jié)點(diǎn)決定,木桶效應(yīng);

不考慮延遲的主從復(fù)制:每秒6萬insert,

考慮到延遲的主從復(fù)制:每秒3萬insert,

pxc:每秒1萬insert


(9)節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)量是3<=num<=8

(10)腦裂,所以至少需要三個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn),有個(gè)仲裁節(jié)點(diǎn),防止腦裂;

演示腦裂:

強(qiáng)制干掉mysql進(jìn)程:

node2:

[root@Darren1 mysql3306]# kill -9 10014   

node3:

[root@Darren3 ~]# kill -9 10115

node1:

root@localhost [(none)]>use testdb;

ERROR 1047 (08S01): Unknown command

腦裂前的值:

show global status like '%wsrep%';

wsrep_local_state_comment    | Synced

wsrep_cluster_status         | Primary

wsrep_ready                  | ON

腦裂后的值:

wsrep_local_state_comment    | Initialized

wsrep_cluster_status         | non-Primary

wsrep_ready                  | OFF   

重啟node2或者node3會(huì)報(bào)錯(cuò):

[root@Darren1 data]# /etc/init.d/mysqld start

 ERROR! MySQL (Percona XtraDB Cluster) is not running, but PID file exists

解決方法:重啟node1,然后再重啟node2和node3


新聞名稱:高可用PXC
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